Background: Stunting is a nutritional disorder that results in growth failure in young children. One intervention that can be done is the nutrition programme. Objective: This study identifies the impact of nutrition programme interventions on reducing the incidence of stunting in toddlers. Methods: This study used a systematic review approach from the scince direct database, clinical key for nursing, francis & taylor and Ebsco Host. The articles used were research results published between 2019 - 2023 with search techniques using the PRISMA method. Results: The search found 7 articles. Based on these findings, it shows that the nutrition programme has an influence in the process of reducing the incidence of stunting in toddlers through the provision of adequate nutrition to toddlers. Conclusion: nutrition programmes can be used as one of the community-based interventions in an effort to reduce the incidence of stunting.
Background: The role of social capital on development, with trust, norm and networks as its attributes, has been all the more recognized to generate benefit for development.Social capital also has a positive role in improving child health.With its poor ranking on health indicators among Southeast Asian countries, the health sector in Lao PDR is set as a priority sector that urgently requires improvement.In this sector, child health is of particular significance.This paper examines social capital, in the form of kinship network, and its impacton child health outcomes such as nutrition status.Methods: Following the general definition of social capital, specifically of bonding social capital, kinship network is used in this paper as a proxy of social capital.From field survey data conducted in early 2010 in 3 villages in the Northern Province of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, a Probit regression analysis is applied to 214 samples of children under 10 years old for stunting and underweight cases.Results: It is found that kinship network as social capital plays an important role in reducing stunted and underweight levels of children in these 3 villages.The estimated coefficient for social capital shows that children, who aside from their family nucleus are surrounded bymore families of relatives in the village, are less likely to be stunted and underweight by 1.8% and 1.5% at significant levels of 10% and 5%, respectively.Conclusion: Social capital is one of the mechanisms that people in rural areas of Lao PDR use as a buffer from economic and health shocks.Based on analysis, kinship network shows an impact on improving child health status, especially for long-term child health.Also, as society moves toward urbanization, a family network tends to be smaller and more independent.Thus, a challenge for policymakers is to create an appropriate support mechanism to substitute or complement this traditional social capital.
Alay Phonvisay, Terukazu Suruga, Don Eliseo Lucero‐Prisno
BACKGROUND: Stunting is one of the most serious and challenging public health problems in Ethiopia, which constitute a significant obstacle to achieving better child health outcomes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with stunting among 6-12 years old children in Humbo district, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 633 children 6-12 years old living in Humbo district, Southern Ethiopia, from March to April, 2015. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select participants from households in eight Villages in the study area. Height was measured using standard methods and height for age Z-score was computed to assess stunting. EPI info version 3.5.4 was used for data entry, whereas Anthroplus software and SPSS version 20.0 were used for computation of height for age Z-scores and statistical analyses respectively. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine factors associated with stunting in the study sample, using 95% confidence limits (statistical significance set at p < 0.050). RESULTS: Prevalence of stunting was 57%, about, 3.5% were severely stunted, 27.3% moderately stunted and 26.4% mildly stunted, and the mean (SD) was - 1.1 (±1.2). About 7 (1.1%) boys and 15 (2.4%) girls were severely stunted. Age groups 10-12 years had significantly higher rate of stunting than others. Age (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1-2.6), big family size (AOR = 4.6, 95% CI = 2.2-9.5) and field disposal of wastes (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.2-5.8) were factors significantly associated with stunting. CONCLUSION: This study exposed high rate of stunting among school age children. Stunting remains a noticeable attribute of rural school age children. Findings suggest the need to implement evidence-based school-aged rural children nutrition policy and strategies as well as need for intervention to improve domestic waste management system in the rural community.
Tesfahun Yonas Bogale, Elazar Tadesse Bala, Minyahil Tadesse et al.
Birth weight is the primary indicator of a baby's health. Babies with low body weight often face challenges in physical growth, metabolic function, and cognitive and intellectual development. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between a history of low birth weight and stunting. This study used a correlational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The population included 120 pairs of mothers and children aged 2–3 years. A simple random sampling technique selected 108 pairs as the sample. Data were collected by measuring the child's height and by obtaining secondary data on birth weight. Data analysis was carried out using Chi-Square and Contingency Coefficient tests. The results showed that of 69 respondents (63.9%) who had a history of low birth weight, as many as 45 children (41.7%) were stunted. The majority of respondents were children aged 2-3 years (92.3%), female, and firstborn. A chi-square statistical test yields a P-value = 0.008 < a (0.05). This indicates a relationship between a history of low birth weight and the incidence of stunting in children aged 2–3 years, with a Contingency Coefficient rate of 0.462. The conclusion shows that there is a link between low birth weight and the incidence of stunting in children aged 2–3 years. Parents are encouraged to attend Posyandu regularly for growth monitoring and optimal nutrition. Healthcare workers should prioritize nutritional counseling during pregnancy and the first two years of life. Policymakers are recommended to strengthen prenatal screening programs targeting low birth weight as an early predictor of stunting, particularly in agricultural communities with limited healthcare access. Keywords: Low Birth Weight, Stunting, Child Nutrition, Indonesia, Growth Disorders.
Wiwik Utami, Aris Citra Wisuda, Titik Nuryanti et al.
Background: The difficulty of feeding (picky eater) is the behavior of the child does not want to or refuses to eat, or have difficulty consuming food or drink with the type and quantity of suitable age physiologically (natural and unnatural), ranging from open his mouth without coercion, chew, swallow, until absorbed in digestion are good without coercion and without granting specific medications, vitamins and Picky eater able to be symptoms of child health detriment if the reply was not directly addressed. A picky eater can make a child's nutritional intake shortage that certainly further cause severe Stunting and is easily affected by the disease. Purpose : Knowing correlation between toddler's picky eater and stunting on toddler in Central Lampung- Indonesia. Methods : This study used a quantitative approach to the design of case- control. Sampling techniques using the formula slovin. Data analysis using the chi- square test. Results : The statistical tests for non-parametric bivariate obtained the value of p = 0.000 picky eater relationship with stunting which means there is a significant correlation. Conclusion: There is a relationship between picky eater with a stunting incident in Central Lampung Indonesia. Suggestion for government authority to be pay attention especially in compliance of the nutritional needs to toddler and health education to the parent about an essential nutrition for the toddler
Indonesia continues to face a double burden of malnutrition, characterized by persistent undernutrition and a growing prevalence of overweight among children. Although urban children typically show lower rates of stunting and underweight, emerging evidence indicates rising obesity due to unhealthy behavior. At the same time, national indicators may mask substantial heterogeneity at the provincial and district levels. This study aimed to compare urban–rural disparities in child nutrition and maternal care at the national level and examines intra-provincial variation that may be obscured by aggregated statistics. An ecological analysis was conducted using data from the 2024 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey. Urban–rural differences were evaluated using odds ratios (OR) and Chi-square tests. Sub-provincial analyses were undertaken in selected districts of Central Java and South Sulawesi to assess patterns of variation across smaller administrative units. At the national level, urban children exhibited lower odds of severe underweight (OR: 0.78; 95%CI: 0.75–0.81), underweight (OR: 0.82; 95%CI: 0.80–0.84), and stunting (OR: 0.77; 95%CI: 0.75–0.78). In contrast, they had higher odds of being at risk of overweight (OR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.31–1.40) and of consuming unhealthy foods (OR: 1.22; 95%CI: 1.19–1.25). Rural areas showed poorer dietary diversity and lower coverage of antenatal care. District-level analyses revealed marked contrasts, where in Central Java, Magelang Municipality had lower odds of severe underweight than Surakarta and Tegal Municipalities. Meanwhile, in South Sulawesi, Makassar Municipality performed better than Pare-pare Municipality but still lagged behind Tana Toraja. These intra-provincial patterns suggest that urban residence does not uniformly confer nutritional advantage. Significant inequities persist not only between urban and rural populations but also across districts within the same province. Smaller cities with stronger health service access, such as Magelang Municipality, tend to show better child nutrition outcomes.
Intan Qanita, Nuril Farid Abshori, Derren David Christian Homenta Rampengan et al.
Stunting is a condition where a child experiences growth disorders, which results in the child's height not being appropriate for his age as a result of chronic nutritional problems, namely a lack of adequate nutritional intake over a long period of time. Objective to analyze the relationship between maternal risk factors and the incidence of stunting among toddlers in the Karawaci Health Center working area. This research design uses an observational analytical quantitative research type with a case control design. The case samples in this study were toddlers aged 24-59 months who experienced stunting with a TB/U toddler Z score < -2 SD and the data was recorded at the Karawaci Health Center in 2023 as many as 123 toddlers, and a control sample of 123 toddlers. Data were analyzed using the chi square statistical test. Results of bivariate analysis Overall, of the 11 variables carried out in the research, 5 of them showed a relationship between these variables and the incidence of stunting in toddlers, including a relationship between parity, of stunting. in toddlers aged 24-59 months who are in the working area of the Karawaci Health Center.There is no relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women, with the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 24-59 months in the working area of the Karawaci Health Center. And the factor that poses the greatest risk for stunting is the age of the mother at risk during pregnancy, where stunting is 3.42 times more likely to occur than mothers of normal age during pregnancy. There is a relationship between the number of parities, maternal age at pregnancy, history of anemia during pregnancy, birth interval and maternal education level with the incidence of stunting.
Lidyani Margareth, Nurul Husnul Lail, Lisa Trina Arlym
Abstract Background: Stunting and underweight are the most commonly used indicators to assess the nutritional status of children. Prior research has highlighted the problems encountered while measuring the height of child. The current paper aims to assess the relationship between stunting and underweight and derive regression equations to predict stunting from underweight prevalence among children under five years of age.Method: Data was drawn from 38,060 and 219,796 nationally representative sample of children aged 0-4 years, from Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS, 2016-18) and National Family Health Survey 4 (NFHS-4, 2015-16), respectively. Anthropometric indicators, stunting and underweight was calculated based on the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards. Univariate and bivariate analysis was done to obtain estimates for stunting and underweight. A series of regression models were run to obtain an estimate of percent stunted as a function of percent underweight at the national and regional level. Predicted stunting prevalence was estimated from regression equation for selected states and compared with observed prevalence from other studies. Data were analysed using STATA V.16.0. Results: Nearly one out of four children under 5 years of age were stunted and underweight in CNNS and NFHS-4. Out of those stunted, 67% and 65% were underweight in CNNS and NFHS-4, respectively. At the national level, there was high correlation between the two indicators (r > 0.7) in both CNNS and NFHS-4, whereas at the regional level in NFHS-4, the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.32 for central region to 0.86 for southern region. At the national level the slope was 0.557 in CNNS and 0.610 in NFHS-4. At the regional level, it varied from 0.334 in the central region to 0.847 in the western region. Similarly, at the national level, the intercept (α) was almost same when we analyzed CNNS data or NFHS-4 data or both together (~15), however, wide variability was observed between different regions (4.61 in western region to 30.14 in central region).Conclusion: Our analysis shows that regression equations with child underweight prevalence may be used to predict stunting where the quality of length/ height measurement is poor or unavailable, in regions where high correlation between the two indicators was found.
This study examines how household social context and health behaviors influence child stunting in North Sumatra, Indonesia, where the stunting rate among children under two years reached 21.1% in 2022—still above the national target. Drawing on cross-sectional data from 7,973 children aged 6–23-months collected in the 2022 Indonesian Nutritional Status Study (SSGI), this research explores the relationships between stunting and various structural, behavioral, and health-related variables using multivariate logistic regression. The analysis reveals that non-diverse diet (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.10-1.37), male sex (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.23 - 2.56), low household income (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.45 - 1.87), and rural residence (OR: 1.24 ; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.40) significantly increase the likelihood of stunting. Health vulnerabilities, such as diarrhea (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.23-1.84) and tuberculosis (OR: 11.53;95% CI: 4.15 - 32.03) (OR: 11.53), also show strong associations with stunted growth. Conversely, vitamin A supplementation (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.63 - 0.79) demonstrates a protective effect, reinforcing the importance of micronutrient interventions. Children aged 6 -11 - months were found to have elevated risk compared to older age groups, highlighting the vulnerability during early complementary feeding stages. Socioeconomic disparities emerged as key determinants. Maternal unemployment (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.15 - 1.47) was associated with increased risk of stunting, likely reflecting reduced income and limited caregiving capacity. Moreover, parental education levels correlated with child nutrition, although maternal education lost statistical significance in the final multivariate model. The findings further demonstrate that dietary diversity, although behaviourally driven, is deeply embedded within socioeconomic structures and access to resources. These results underscore the multifactorial nature of stunting in Indonesia, emphasizing the interdependence between social determinants and health practices. Addressing stunting thus requires multisectoral approaches that integrate nutrition, healthcare, education, and economic empowerment, particularly for disadvantaged populations in rural and low-income settings. Strengthening early childhood health programs, enhancing maternal education, improving sanitation, and ensuring access to affordable nutritious food are essential to reducing stunting prevalence. This study provides actionable evidence for policymakers to design more targeted, equity-oriented public health strategies that consider both behavioral practices and the underlying social vulnerabilities shaping child health outcomes in decentralized contexts like North Sumatra. Key words: stunting, social determinants, dietary diversity, child nutrition, health behaviour
Poltekkes Kemenkes Medan, Herta Masthalina, Alfons Maryono Letelay et al.
Nepal is one of the major recipients of remittance in terms of its ratio to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The remittances received by Nepalese households have been used primarily for the consumption purpose. This article deliberates on whether these remittances are used to improve the nutritional status of the children. The paper examines the effect of remittance on the nutritional scores – HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ – as well as on the stunting, underweight, and wasting of children below five years of age by using the data from NLSS III 2010/11. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates suggest that there is a positive association of migrant remittance on stunting and underweight of children. The paper further highlights the role that migrant remittance has played in improving the living standard of Nepalese people.
