This study examines the determinants of child labour in Mardan and Nowshera districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Primary data on socioeconomic characteristics of children engaged and did not engage in child labour were obtained from Labour Education Organization Mardan. Age of the children and family size are positively and education is negatively and significantly associated with the probability of children participation in labour market. The probability of child labour is more with the household income although with a very low coefficient value which is contrary to our expectations and may ne indicative that child labour could be a major source of household income. This study suggests that subsidies may be provided to families for their children education. Family size is also positively related to the child labour, therefore steps may be taken towards encouraging small family sizes and thereby reducing the child labour.
The most common problem in the developing countries is child labour mainly due to poor socioeconomic environment. It came to light during the nineteenth century, when the industrial revolution and factory system were at its peak. The basic motive of this study is to explore the prohibition of child labour leading to delinquent behaviour in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. Qualitative method of investigation was applied in this study. Through content analysis, purposive sampling was used in selection of only those documents that were associated to constitutional initiatives regarding child labour. The main ground of child labour and delinquent behaviour stems were poverty, no better avenues of employment and lack of education and health facilities. In Pakistan Article 11 (3) of the constitution of 1973, prohibits service of children below the age of 14 years in hazardous employment. The research is limited to exploring various causes of child labour leading to delinquent behaviour prohibition under the constitution of Pakistan. The findings of this study are useful for law enforcing agencies, civil society and policy makers in order to recognise the reality of this phenomenon.
Bangladesh is a creating and Child Labour is one of the fundamental issues of this country. The fundamental points of this study discover the essential reasons for kids are perceived as kid work and attempt to know the causes behind presence a negative connection between youngster training and kid work. This paper means to recognize Health and Safety issues of Child Labour in Bangladesh. Kid work is step by step being perceived as a multi-faceted social issue in our country. Consequently, youngsters regularly have 'no voice' to communicate their own necessities. The state, society, guardians and worldwide organizations need to assume reciprocal parts in disposing of kid work. This infers that all gatherings should be ready to compromise - a cycle that should be monetarily reasonable and at last in light of a legitimate concern for the youngsters who don't have the development to choose for themselves. Specialized collaboration to legislatures, non-administrative associations and different offices in this attempt should be emphatically advanced. This paper audits investigates the kid work circumstance in Bangladesh and the current legitimate structure for youngster work and shows that there remain holes in the lawful and strategy system of Bangladesh.
The present study highlighted about the magnitude of child labours in Manipur particularly in Imphal Municipality areas. Child labour is a Universal phenomenon. While there is no accurate accounting of how many of the world?s children contribute to their families, or their own economic support, the number of working children is surely in the hundreds of million?s globally. Studies in some countries suggest that the number of street children is growing, just as the use of child labour continues to expand, often in hazardous and damaging conditions. Working children are frequently exposed to jobs that are morally or psychologically damaging, hours that are excessive, conditions that are unsafe, or employment contracts that are exploitative. Also, the activities in which child workers are concentrated- agriculture, domestic service, and urban informal sector- place them at high risk of maltreatment, denial of basic human rights, and lack access to those who could help them. According to recent experimental surveys carried out by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), Bureau of Statistics, world over, there are at least 120 million children between the age of 5 and 14 who are fully at work, and more than twice as many of those whom work is a secondary activity. Of these 61 percent are found in Asia, 32 percent in Africa and 7 percent in Latin America. India has the largest number of child labour in the world. According to a recent statement issued by the labour Minister, the number of child labour in India is about 12.6 million. The state with the highest child labour population in the country is Andhra Pradesh which has 1.66 million working children as per 1991 census. Other states where the child labour population is more than one million are Madhya Pradesh: Utter Pradesh and Maharashtra.
Youngsters and also the ladies have been exploited everywhere around the globe in one way or another, several ways in which are overtly followed against them whereas some are deeply coated behind the curtains, feminine reproductive organ Mutilation(FGM) is one such grotesque method of exploitation of young women. The practice refers to the forceful cutting or manipulation of the private parts of young girls in the name only of cultural and spiritual beliefs. It reflects the deep-seated difference between the sexes and constitutes an extreme kind of discrimination against women. This paper is aimed toward explaining the meaning and therefore the} procedures and techniques concerned during this derogative follow together with the harmful effects that it's on the life and dignity of the people and the reasons behind its prevalence within the society. The paper also deals with the position of this practice in Asian countries and internationally. it's nearly continuously administrated on minors so may be a violation of the rights of children. The practice is aimed at gender inequality and tries to manage women's sexuality, and concepts concerning purity, modesty, and beauty. This paper is an endeavor to spotlight the hidden existence of this life-threatening practice behind the curtain of culture and faith in India.
The female body is worshipped around the world in several cultures given the power it holds when it comes to procreating a new life. With numerous conventions, statutes, legislation, and regulations, it is believed that society is thriving progressively, however, after digging deeper, humans stumble across certain norms and customs, that make us question if society has actually progressed as humans claim to. In this paper, the researchers have shed light on such a significant conundrum, which generally does not attract the deserving attention which is “Female Genital Mutilation” among Bohra Muslims. The government fails to acknowledge its existence despite 75% of the community practicing it discreetly. It is not only mentally brutal but the physical attributes associated with it can shake humans to their core since this mutilation practice is performed on young girls by untrained midwives subjecting the victims to life-long ailments. Several ground reports of the victims who have gone under the knife merely to satisfy the patriarchal mindset and the factors influencing and encouraging the same have been mentioned in the paper. Further, the researchers have widely discussed the response of international bodies such as WHO, and UNICEF against the brutal practice and the prevailing situation in India. The current status of FGM with regard to the legal system is disheartening since prime facie, the practice infringes the women’s rights such as the right to privacy, the right to equality, the right to attain the highest standard of health, the right to intercourse, as well as the right to motherhood. However, it does not halt here, FGM also infringes child rights by subjecting them to cruelty. The researchers have recommended certain aspects which could be incorporated into the Indian legal system to tackle the conundrums risen by female genital mutilation in Bohra Muslims.
This systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship between female genital mutilation (FGM) and infertility. Online databases were systematically searched up to January 2024 using MeSH keywords to retrieve relevant observational studies. The methodological quality of the analytical cross-sectional studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, and a random-effects meta-analysis was used to address any heterogeneity. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was performed. A total of 5 analytical cross-sectional studies involving 37,146 participants, with 3 studies meeting the criteria for the meta-analysis. The results indicated that female circumcision (FC) was linked to a 21% increase in the odds of developing infertility compared to non-circumcision, although this finding was not statistically significant (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.98–1.50). Notably, there was no evidence of significant heterogeneity between the studies (P = 0.84 [Q statistics], I2 = 0.0%). While a statistically significant relationship between FGM and infertility was not established, the odds of infertility were higher in the circumcised group. Consequently, it is imperative to prioritise efforts to eradicate FC, especially among young girls.
N. Soltani, Farahnaz Heshmat, Mohsen Dehghani et al.
FGM is the practice of injuring the female external genitalia, which is carried out on girls aged 0–14 years, and this practice has been declared a violation of human rights. As an international organization whose goal is to realize children's rights, since 2008 UNICEF has strongly opposed this practice and promised to provide assistance to countries experiencing FGM, including Indonesia. Indonesia has been declared the fourth country in the world to carry out FGM practices and this must receive serious attention. Through qualitative research using international organization theory, the authors will analyze the extent of UNICEF's roles and strategies in helping reduce the practice of Female Genital Mutilation in Indonesia. The findings from this study indicate that UNICEF has carried out several programs such as agreements with the Indonesian government, disseminating information to Indonesian communities, activists and society, and providing legal assistance or advocacy to stop FGM cases. However, there had been policy dynamics from the Indonesian government towards this practice, causing obstacles that made the realization of eliminating the practice of FGM slow.
epartement of International Relations, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Maulida Ayu Trisna Tasya, Dian Azmawati
There is no doubt about this universal fact that women across the globe especially young girls have been subjected to harassment and violence since time immemorial in the garb of customary practices and traditions. Mutilation of Female Genitalia (FGM) is also a type of barbaric tradition, blatantly violent and has no ethical and religious basis. It involves all the inhumane procedures relating to the semi or overall amputation of peripheral genital privates or erstwhile forms of harm in female reproductive organs for nonremedial purposes. It has been seen that women around about 200 million globally who had gone through the consequence of FGM and nearly 3.8 million females are at the risk of circumcision. 3 This results in the severe violation of human rights which has been outlined in numerous international human rights documents. Despite all this, FGM is still flourishing globally and Dawoodi Bohras community in India is a prime example of that. Therefore, human right based legislation on FGM is the need of the hour. Hence, in this paper, the researchers have made an attempt to put forward the blueprint of exploitation and violence faced by females in the name of female genital mutilation which not only hampers their individual dignity and privacy, but it also puts a question mark on the so called quest of women empowerment all around the world.
Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis terkait penyelesaian tindak pidana kekerasan seksual terhadap anak berdasarkan hukum positif di Indonesia serta hukum adat Bali. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan pendekatan fakta, pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, serta pendekatan analisis konsep hukum. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa Pengaturan terkait tindak pidana kekerasan seksual terhadap anak diatur dalam Pasal 81 dan Pasal 82 UUPA, terkait penyelesaiannya menurut system peradilan pidana disesuaikan dengan ketentuan KUHAP. Serta penyelesaian tindak pidana kekerasan seksual terhadap anak dalam hukum adat Bali dijabarkan menjadi dua pendekatan keadilan, yaitu sanksi pidana pendekatan pembalasan (retributive) atau sanksi pidana pendekatan pemulihan (restoratif). Dan jika dalam penyelesaianny melalui pendekatan restoratif, hak korban perlu mendapat perhatian karena korban adalah pihak yang berkepentingan yang seharusnya mempunyai kedudukan (hukum) dalam proses penyelesaiannya. Namun, pada sistem peradilan pidana pada umumnya, ditengarai bahwa korban tidak menerima perlindungan yang setara dari pemegang wewenang sistem peradilan pidana, sehingga kepentingan yang hakiki dari korban sering terabaikan dan kalaupun itu ada hanya sekedar pemenuhan sistem administrasi atau manajemen peradilan pidana.
Gede Rhama Sukmayoga Wiweka, Anak Agung Istri Ari Atu Dewi, Putu Gede Arya Sumertayasa et al.
