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Disclosable Version of the ISR - Inclusive Early Childhood Education and Care - P157117 - Sequence No : 04
Serbia
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Serbia
The purpose of this report on Uzbekistan Education Sector Analysis (ESA) is to provide a current and comprehensive stocktaking of the outcomes of Uzbekistan’s education system and the challenges faced within the sector. This report focuses on ensuring a breadth of analysis, covering all levels of the education system, with the objective of providing a complete snapshot of the current state of challenges in this system. Although lack of data limited the depth of analysis in some dimensions, more granular analysis is included in the report in areas where rich datasets were made available by the GoU. The audience for this report includes key stakeholders in the GoU, particularly the Ministry of Preschool Education, the Ministry of Public Education, and the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education, as well as regional and local authorities. The audience also includes key education development partners and civil society organizations supporting Uzbekistan’s education sector. This report is structured in four chapters. The first provides relevant information on the country context. Then, the analysis of challenges and outcomes is presented by theme: (i) system structure governance and reforms, (ii) system financing, (iii) enrollment, (iv) special needs education, (v) out-of-school children, (vi) quality, and (vii) major outcomes. The third chapter is about system monitoring. The final chapter presents key policy recommendations based on the analysis presented throughout the report. Given the comprehensiveness of this ESA, the table below was prepared to provide a snapshot of key indicators presented in this report. (Uzbekistan)
Sri Lanka
Developing countries are investing heavily in education and providing their youth with unprecedented access to schooling. Globally, governments, households, and donors are estimated to spend a combined dollar 4.7 trillion on education each year. And spending continues to increase at a relatively rapid rate. Average government spending on education, for example, doubled in real terms between 1999 and 2015. Development assistance has also begun to increase after a period of relative stagnation, although it still represents a small fraction of total spending. Despite this growth, countries will have to make greater financial commitments in coming years to achieve national education goals and ensure that all students learn. Low- and middle-income countries are expected to need an additional dollar 191 billion to dollar 311 billion in total each year to achieve quality universal primary and secondary education and to meet the other education Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. REACH has been at the forefront of efforts to identify the ways in which results-based financing can strengthen education systems and improve education outcomes. It has helped countries to develop reliable data systems and build other capacity in government agencies and schools needed to effectively implement this financing approach. It also has worked to expand the knowledge base on the ways governments and development partners can use results-based financing to improve education outcomes and move closer to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals for education. (World)
The development objective of the Education Improvement Project for Armenia is to: (a) improve school readiness of children entering primary education; (b) improve physical conditions and the availability of educational resources in upper secondary schools; and (c) support quality and relevance improvements in higher education institutions in Armenia. Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (i) the local construction and environment inspectorates and communities have been notified of upcoming activities; (ii) there will be no excessive idling of construction vehicles at sites; (iii) the site will establish appropriate erosion and sediment control measures such as e.g. hay bales and / or silt fences to prevent sediment from moving off site and causing excessive turbidity in nearby streams and rivers; (iv) the building is a designated historic structure, very close to such a structure, or located in a designated historic district, notification shall be made and approvals/permits be obtained from local authorities and all construction activities planned and carried out in line with local and national legislation; (v) if asbestos is located on the project site, it shall be marked clearly as hazardous material; (vi) paints with toxic ingredients or solvents or lead-based paints will not be used; (vii) all recognized natural habitats, wetlands and protected areas in the immediate vicinity of the activity will not be damaged or exploited, all staff will be strictly prohibited from hunting, foraging, logging or other damaging activities; and (viii) ensuring safe and continuous access to office facilities, shops and residences during renovation activities, if the buildings stay open for the public. (Armenia)
Benin
Indonesia has made remarkable strides in key human development indicators over the past few decades. Primary school enrollment is close to universal for both boys and girls, and the child mortality rate has declined rapidly (World Bank 2017). Nevertheless, infant mortality, child malnutrition, maternal mortality, and educational learning quality have all remained challenges in Indonesia compared to other countries in the region (World Bank 2015). Furthermore, achievements in these indicators reveal large geographical disparities within Indonesia, with poorer outcomes in rural and remote provinces and districts. Improving access to basic quality health and education services is a key component of the country’s overall poverty reduction strategy. This document describes the findings from an evaluation carried out in 2016-2017 to determine Generasi’s long-term impact. It represents the fourth and final wave of evaluations; the first three waves were carried out between 2007 and 2010. The baseline survey took place from June to August 2007. The second wave was conducted from October 2008 to January 2009, after 15 to 18 months of Generasi implementation. The third survey was implemented from October 2009 to January 2010 after 27 to 30 months of project implementation. The most recent survey was carried out between October 2016 and February 2017 after nine years of program implementation. Over 46,000 household members, village heads, and school and health facility staff were surveyed in the final round. (Indonesia)
Each day, tens of thousands of girls worldwide are married while still children, often before they may be physically and emotionally ready to become wives and mothers. Child marriage, defined as marriage or a union taking place before the age of 18, endangers the life trajectories of these girls in numerous ways. Child brides are at greater risk of experiencing a range of poor health outcomes, having children at younger ages, having more children over their lifetimes, dropping out of school, earning less over their lifetimes and living in poverty than their peers who marry at later ages. Child brides may also be more likely to experience intimate partner violence, have restricted physical mobility, and limited decision-making ability. Most fundamentally, thesegirls may be disempowered in ways that deprive them of their basic rights to health, education, equality, nondiscrimination, and to live free from violence and exploitation, which continue to affect them into adulthood. These dynamics affect not only the girls themselves, but their children, households, communities and societies, limiting their ability to reach their full social and economic potential. While child marriage is widely considered a human rights issue closely connected to gender inequality, the significance of the practice’s impacts at both the individual and societal levels suggests that ending child marriage may play an important role in alleviating poverty and in promoting economic development. Ending child marriage can improve health at the individual and population levels, increase productivity and enhance the opportunity to realize the gains in a country’s economic growth that can result from declining birth rates and a shifting population age structure, commonly referred to as the ‘demographic dividend.’ To date, however,there has been relatively little in the way of rigorous assessment of the economic impacts of child marriage or how much child marriage may “cost” countries and societies. To address this challenge, the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) and the World Bank collaborated on an extensive and innovative research project to assess the impacts of child marriage on arange of development outcomes, and to understand the economic costs associated with these impacts across countries. By establishing the effects that child marriage has on economic outcomes, the research project aimed to catalyze more effective and evidence-based action to prevent it. This brief describes research undertaken for Ethiopia to better assess the impacts of child marriage on a range of development outcomes and the costs associated with these impacts. (World)
The international community is increasingly aware of the negative impacts of child marriage on a wide range of development outcomes. Ending child marriage is now part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Yet investments to end the practice remain limited across the globe. Ethiopia recently adopted a strategy to end child marriage, and some of the projects being implemented in the country should contribute to reduce the practice child marriage. Still, more could be done. In order to inspire greater commitments towards ending child marriage, this study demonstrates the negative impacts of the practice and their associated economic costs. The study looks at five domains of impacts: (i) fertility and population growth; (ii) health, nutrition, and violence; (iii) educational attainment and learning; (iv) labor force participation and earnings; and (v) participation, decision-making, and investments. Economic costs are estimated for several of theimpacts. Overall, the costs are high. They suggest that investing to end child marriage is not only the right thing to do, but also makes sense economically. (World)
This study qualitatively explores early stimulation practices in Katavi region, Tanzania. It also quantitatively investigates the links between these early stimulation practices and development of children 0-3 years of age in the Katavi region. A comparative qualitative case study was carried out in Zanzibar region and findings have been presented throughout discussion section of this report, in parallel to the case of Katavi. Through this work the research team has developed a robust package of early childhood development research tools that have been carefully adapted and tested for use in Tanzania. The study uses and validates the combined use of tools to measure children's development (the CREDI tool) and the home environment (the HOME tool) for the first time in Tanzania. This package includes a complete survey including culturally-adapted, Kiswahili versions of the CREDI and HOME tools plus a caregiver information form that have all been digitized for data collection using electronic tablets. There is an accompanying video that guides users through the digitized version of the tool. The package also includes a four-day training guide with power points that may be used to prepare enumerators to collect the survey data. The adapted versions of these tools are free to users and easily accessible for others who wish to explore early stimulation and child development in Tanzania. (Tanzania)