Peer-reviewed article

Effect of type III female genital mutilation on obstetric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Bonavina G, SPINILLO SL, Sotiriadis A, BULFONI A, KALTOUD R et al. · 17 Nov 2023

Abstract

Background: Controversial evidence suggests a potential association between female genital mutilation (FGM/C) and adverse obstetric outcomes, with type III FGM/C (infibulation) carrying the greatest risk. Objectives: To assess current rate of adverse obstetric outcomes in women with type III female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C; infibulation) delivering across different settings worldwide. Search Strategy . Two authors searched relevant literature in the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases from inception to Jan 1, 2023, looking for articles reporting outcomes of women with type III FGM/C compared with women with no FGM/C. Selection criteria. Studies were selected if they included the main outcome of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) or secondary outcomes, which included major conditions affecting maternal-neonatal health during labour and delivery. Data Collection and Analysis: DerSimonian-Laird random effects meta-analysis was performed and pooled effect estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic. Meta regression for relevant covariates was performed when data on relevant confounders were available. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess quality of observational studies. The level of evidence was assessed with the GRADE method. Main Results: 14 observational studies including 15,320 type III FGM/C women and 59,347 controls were eligible. The risk for postpartum haemorrhage was significantly increased in type III FGM/C, in the main analysis (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.24, I 2 =93%), in pooling of data adjusted for confounders (aOR 1.76, CI 1.42 to 2.17, I 2 = 0%), and in sensitivity analysis of higher quality studies with NOS≥7 (OR 2.76, CI 1.38 to 5.51, I 2 = 95%). Meta-regression showed that nulliparity was significantly and positively associated with postpartum haemorrhage. Similarly, analysis of data adjusted for confounders showed an increased risk of episiotomy in type III FGM/C (aOR 1.56, CI 1.03 to 2.35, I 2 = 52%). Sensitivity analysis of studies with NOS≥7 revealed a significant increase for episiotomy (OR 7.53, CI 1.19 to 47.54, I 2 = 96%), perineal tears (OR 4.24, CI 1.09 to 16.46, I 2 = 66%), prolonged second stage of labour (OR 5.19, 95% CI 1.00 to 26.85, I 2 = 66%), and Apgar score less than 7 (OR 4.19, CI 1.64 to 10.70, I 2 = 0%). No difference was found regarding obstetric anal sphincter injuries and mode of delivery in these women. Deinfibulation achieved similar obstetric and neonatal outcomes to women who never had type III FGM. The overall quality of the studies was adequate (median NOS score: 7; IQR: 6-8), the level of evidence, according to the GRADE assessment, was low. Conclusions: . These results consistently show an increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes in women with FGM/C type III. Infibulation substantially increases the risk for PPH, particularly in nulliparae.