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The problem
Intervention: CARE Tipping Point Initiative: community engagement on gender norms and programmatic topics through participant groups and community dialogue to build girls' agency and shift power relations; TPP+ version emphasized social-norms change
Who it was tested with: Unmarried girls aged 12-16 years (n=1,140 baseline, 1,124 retained) and adults 25+ years (n=540 baseline, 531 retained) across 54 clusters in two districts of Nepal.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"The quantitative evaluation was a three-arm, cluster-randomized controlled trial (control; Tipping Point Program [TPP]; Tipping Point Plus Program [TPP+]...with probability proportional to size and randomized evenly to study arms. Regression-based difference-in-difference models assessed program effects...Cox-proportional hazard models assessed program effects on time to marriage." The study used a rigorous experimental design with randomization and statistical controls to test whether the intervention reduced marriage risk and increased girls' agency.
Low CEFM rates at follow-up, poor socio-economic conditions in study areas, COVID-19-related disruptions to programming delivery, and concurrent programming in control areas may have masked program effects. The study cannot determine whether the program is ineffective or whether contextual factors prevented detection of impact.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
