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The problem
Intervention: Screen time exposure (measured in hours per day)
Who it was tested with: 10,172 Irish children assessed at ages 3, 5, 7, and 9 years.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Random-intercepts cross-lagged panel models were used to estimate longitudinal bidirectional associations while controlling for temporally stable (i.e., 'time-invariant' or 'trait-like') differences between children." This quasi-experimental design with repeated measures and lagged associations allows examination of directionality over time, though true causality cannot be established without randomization.
Caregiver-reported measures of both screen time and behavior may introduce reporting bias. The study cannot determine causation definitively, only directional associations. Effects appear to vary by age and behavior type.
Across countries and designs
2 studies · 1 country
