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The problem
Intervention: Removal of league tables and playoffs from school-class football
Who it was tested with: Children aged 7-12 participating in school-class football, over 30,000 participants tracked.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"Using a natural experiment design, we analyzed registry data spanning twelve years (excluding COVID-19 years), covering over 30,000 participants. Participation trends before and after the 2017 policy change were analyzed using GLMs and segmented regression." This is a quasi-experimental design using natural variation in policy, making it stronger than observational studies but unable to isolate the specific impact of the intervention from confounding factors.
The study uses aggregate registry data and cannot assess individual-level outcomes such as enjoyment, motivation, or perceived pressure. Causality cannot be definitively established as other contextual factors may have changed concurrently. Subjective experiences and reasons for participation decisions are not captured.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 0 countries
