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The problem
Intervention: This is an observational study identifying risk and protective factors, not an intervention evaluation
Who it was tested with: Korean adolescents (n=5,045) followed from grade 6 to grade 10 (ages 11-16).
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Five annual waves (2019-2023) of the nationally representative Korean Youth Health Behaviour Panel Survey (n = 5045) were analyzed, following adolescents from grade 6 (age 11-12) to grade 10 (age 15-16). Latent class growth analysis was applied to the five repeated susceptibility measures to identify trajectory classes." This longitudinal design with repeated measures and comparison of trajectories provides strong evidence for patterns over time, though without intervention implementation this is observational rather than causal evidence.
This is an observational study identifying associations, not testing a specific intervention. Causality cannot be inferred. The cross-sectional associations at baseline may reflect reverse causality or confounding.
Across countries and designs
3 studies · 3 countries
