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The problem
Intervention: Environmental sanitation program implementation over time
Who it was tested with: 1,429 children in Salvador, Brazil across three cohorts: pre-intervention (n=299), intervention (n=1,007), and post-intervention (n=123); 992 children (68.7%) completed follow-up.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"A longitudinal study was conducted in Salvador, Brazil, from 1997 to 2013. A total of 1429 children were recruited across three epidemiological cohorts, corresponding to the phases of a sanitation program: pre-intervention (n = 299), intervention (n = 1007), and post-intervention (n = 123)." The study compares growth trajectories across three time-matched cohorts reflecting different sanitation implementation phases, representing a before-and-after comparison across naturally occurring program phases.
Observational design cannot isolate the independent causal effect of sanitation from concurrent economic development and other societal changes. The authors acknowledge that experimental or quasi-experimental designs would be needed to determine sanitation's specific contribution.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
