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The problem
Intervention: Longitudinal observation and classification of children by adversity exposure patterns; no intervention was tested
Who it was tested with: Youth from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, with assessments at ages 3, 5, and 9 years, and outcomes measured at age 15.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) collected when youth were aged 3, 5, and 9 years. Longitudinal patterns of exposure to threat and deprivation were examined using parallel growth mixture modeling." This prospective longitudinal design with multiple measurement points across childhood and outcome assessment in adolescence provides strong evidence for examining developmental patterns, though the observational nature means it cannot prove causation of the identified associations.
This is an observational study without experimental intervention, so causality cannot be definitively established. Outcomes are measured only at age 15 and do not extend into adulthood.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
