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The problem
Intervention: Monitoring and analysis of parental self-reported corporal punishment practices and associated risk factors including depression and alcohol use
Who it was tested with: US parents aged 35 and 40 with children at home, drawn from the Monitoring the Future Panel Study (1993-2020).
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"We conducted multinomial logistic regression" to analyse both cross-sectional data from 1993-2020 and longitudinal data from 1998-2020, establishing that the study uses a regression-based approach with temporal sequencing that qualifies as experimental design for observational analysis of risk factors.
Self-reported data subject to social desirability bias; unable to determine whether corporal punishment actually escalates or whether observed changes reflect measurement differences; cross-sectional associations do not establish causation
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
