Search reports, ask a question, or jump to a page.
The problem
Intervention: Measurement and analysis of prenatal phthalate exposure (a naturally occurring exposure rather than a planned intervention)
Who it was tested with: 306 mother-child pairs from the PROTECT birth cohort in Puerto Rico; children assessed at ages 1.5 to 3 years.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Phthalate metabolite concentrations were measured in maternal urine at approximately 18, 22, and 26 weeks' gestation. Early childhood EBP outcomes (Externalizing, Internalizing, and Total scores) were assessed when children were 1.5 to 3 years old." This longitudinal birth cohort design with prospective exposure measurement followed by child outcome assessment represents an experimental approach with temporal sequencing.
Observational design prevents causal inference; single cohort from Puerto Rico may have limited generalizability; mixture effects were not statistically significant overall, limiting conclusions about combined chemical exposure.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
