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The problem
Intervention: in-utero exposure to Ramadan fasting period
Who it was tested with: 924,198 children from 103 demographic and health surveys across 56 countries, analysed by exposure status during in-utero period.
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"we implement an intent-to-treat framework, comparing outcomes among individuals who were exposed to Ramadan at any time in-utero to those who were not exposed", using Ramadan exposure as a natural experiment to compare nutritional outcomes between exposed and unexposed groups across large, representative survey data.
Retrospective design based on survey data limits causal inference; natural experiment design cannot rule out confounding factors; findings may reflect reporting bias or selection effects in survey respondents; analysis aggregates across diverse populations and contexts which may mask heterogeneous effects.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 2 countries
