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The problem
Intervention: Team sports participation
Who it was tested with: 9,476 adolescents aged 10-13 years from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study in the United States.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"This longitudinal study examined associations between HV (age 10) and persistent distressing PLEs (ages 10-13), and whether physical activity (age 10) moderated these associations. HV was derived from structural MRI. Physical activity type and frequency were parent-reported." The study measures the same group over time with exposures and outcomes assessed at different time points, constituting a longitudinal pre-post design without a concurrent control group.
The study is observational without a comparison group and cannot establish causality. It cannot determine whether team sports directly prevent psychotic-like experiences, whether selection bias influences participation, or whether unmeasured confounders explain the associations. Parent-reported physical activity data may be subject to recall bias.
Across countries and designs
2 studies · 1 country
