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The problem
Intervention: Universal childhood vaccination programmes (comparison of coverage rates between children with and without intellectual disabilities)
Who it was tested with: UK children from the Millennium Cohort Study, with and without intellectual disabilities, assessed at ages 9 months, 3 years, 5 years, and 14 years.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"Secondary analysis of parental report data on child vaccination collected in the UK's Millennium Cohort Study when the children were 9 months, 3 years, 5 years and 14 years old." The study measures vaccination coverage across multiple ages in a defined population, showing systematically lower rates in the exposed group, meeting criteria for a before-after comparison of documented vaccination outcomes.
Reliance on parental reports rather than verified medical records; cross-sectional design prevents causal inference; cannot identify specific barriers to vaccination; potential confounding by unmeasured factors
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
