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The problem
Intervention: Longitudinal observation and measurement of food security status and child development outcomes over three years; the study identifies the problem rather than testing a specific intervention
Who it was tested with: Preschool-aged children and their households in Ghana, followed over three years.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"We use longitudinal data on preschool-aged children and their households in Ghana to investigate how being in a food insecure household was associated with early child development outcomes across three years." The longitudinal design with repeated measurement of both exposure and outcomes, controlling for baseline values, provides stronger evidence of association than cross-sectional work, though causation remains uncertain.
The study is observational and cannot establish causation; results are specific to Ghana; unmeasured confounding factors may influence both food security and development; some confidence intervals cross zero or near zero.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
