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The problem
Intervention: Maternal consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fruit juices during pregnancy
Who it was tested with: 252 mother-child pairs from the Mediterranean ECLIPSES cohort in Spain.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"Maternal dietary intake was assessed at 12, 24 and 36 weeks of gestation using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire previously validated in a Spanish population. Childhood overweight/obesity was defined as a BMI z-score above the 85th percentile for age and sex at age 4." The study measured maternal diet prospectively during pregnancy and assessed the same cohort's children's weight at a later timepoint, allowing for temporal assessment of associations but without a comparison group receiving different interventions.
Observational design prevents causal inference; unmeasured confounding by family dietary patterns, socioeconomic factors, or other maternal behaviors cannot be excluded; commercial fruit juice finding noted as exploratory; relatively small sample size
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
