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The problem
Intervention: Observational exposure to in utero PFAS (no intervention applied)
Who it was tested with: 264 mother-infant dyads in Singapore, followed from prenatal period to 10.5 years post-delivery.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Linear mixed effect models estimated the associations of PFAS with children's internalizing and externalizing problems as children aged. For the PFAS that were significantly associated with children's behavioral problems, we tested whether levels of inflammatory cytokines statistically mediated the associations." The study uses a longitudinal prospective design with repeated measurements and statistical mediation analysis to examine both associations and potential mechanisms.
Birth cohort limited to Singapore; observational design cannot confirm causation; replication needed; mechanisms of action not fully elucidated; generalizability to other populations uncertain.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
