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The problem
Intervention: Continuation of routine immunization services during COVID-19 pandemic (observed)
Who it was tested with: 12,313 children under 2 years old in Ontario, Canada with at least 2 visits recorded in primary care electronic medical records.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"Observational retrospective open cohort study, using primary care electronic medical record data from the University of Toronto Practice-Based Research Network (UTOPIAN) database, from January 2019 to December 2020. We compared average coverage rates over 3 periods of time: January 2019-March 2020 (T1); March-July 2020 (T2); and August-December 2020 (T3)." This is a before-and-after comparison without a control group, showing that pandemic-related disruptions led to decreased immunization coverage that only partially recovered within 2020.
Observational study without a comparison group or intervention assignment; relies on electronic medical records from primary care practices in one Canadian province; cannot determine specific causes of coverage decline or identify which public health measures were most effective; does not assess long-term recovery or catch-up vaccination efforts after 2020.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
