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The problem
Intervention: This is an observational study with no intervention; it examines the natural relationship between family socioeconomic status and ADHD symptoms
Who it was tested with: 21,366 preschool children aged 3-6 years and their parents from 189 public kindergartens in Yan'an, western China.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Survey-weighted linear and logistic regression models adjusted for child age, sex, preterm birth, parental smoking and alcohol use, respondent role, and respondent age, with cluster-robust standard errors accounting for kindergarten-level clustering." This design uses a large representative sample with rigorous statistical methods that account for confounding and clustering, placing it at the experimental tier for observational evidence.
Cross-sectional design cannot establish causality; relies on parent-reported ADHD symptoms via SDQ subscale; measures only current associations without longitudinal follow-up
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
