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The problem
Intervention: Package of interventions including teacher professional development, provision of teaching and learning materials, teacher recognition and voice in school management, and parental involvement in children's learning
Who it was tested with: 1,407 primary school children, 1,407 parents, and 315 teachers across seven provinces in Afghanistan.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"A cross section endline survey was conducted among 1407 primary school children, 1407 parents and 315 teachers in seven provinces of Afghanistan. Population-based two stage-cluster sampling was used." The endline measurement with no baseline or comparison group classifies this as PRE_POST level evidence, which represents a lower tier of evidence suitable for this observational study design.
Cross-sectional design with no baseline or control group limits causal inference. The study measures associations rather than intervention effects, and cannot rule out reverse causality or confounding factors.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country