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The problem
Intervention: CARE Tipping Point Initiative engaging boys as 'structured allies' in girl-centered movement building to prevent gender-based violence; two versions tested: TPP and TPP+ (more intensive)
Who it was tested with: Unmarried boys aged 12-16 in Kapilvastu and Rupandehi districts, Western Nepal; 1,154 enrolled, 1,143 followed (99% retention).
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"We assessed whether this initiative...affected adolescent boys' reports of ever witnessing SBGH of a girl by another boy. Eligible boys were unmarried, 12-16 years...1,154 (93% of) eligible, consenting boys across 54 randomly selected clusters participated at baseline, and 1,143 (99.0% of) baseline participants were followed. Difference-in-difference (DID) regressions were estimated to assess...average treatment effects." This is a cluster-randomized design with comparison groups and follow-up measurement, making it an experimental study, though the reliance on witness reports as proxy for intervention effect limits strength of causal inference.
Study relies on self-reported witnessing rather than direct observation of behavior; measurement artifacts (implausible declines in contact harassment, increases in non-contact) complicate interpretation; does not measure actual bystander behavior or intervention by boys.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
