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The problem
Intervention: Study of natural exposure to physical and emotional abuse across childhood developmental periods
Who it was tested with: 1,929 participants in the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, assessed from ages 3 to 22.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Data were drawn from 1929 participants in the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, which conducted five waves of assessments in childhood (ages 3, 5, and 9), adolescence (age 15), and early adulthood (age 22)." The study uses a rigorous prospective longitudinal design with repeated measurements across five waves, allowing examination of temporal relationships and mediation pathways.
Cross-sectional in nature at certain measurement points; relies on longitudinal data from a single cohort study; cannot establish definitive causation; unmeasured confounding variables may affect associations
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
