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The problem
Intervention: ADHD diagnosis and medication
Who it was tested with: U.S. children from kindergarten cohort 1998-1999, stratified by socioeconomic status.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort of 1998-1999, I found that diagnosed and medicated high-SES but not low-SES children exhibit significantly poorer future self-competence and teacher-rated school behaviors than undiagnosed matches." This longitudinal design with matched comparison groups permits stronger causal inference than cross-sectional data, and the stratification by SES allows detection of differential effects.
The study cannot determine causation; cross-SES comparison groups may have unmeasured differences; mechanisms explaining differential effects by SES are not clarified.
Across countries and designs
2 studies · 1 country
