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The problem
Intervention: Structured sport participation (soccer or taekwondo) compared to no structured sport
Who it was tested with: 120 Moroccan boys aged 8-12 years (30 soccer players, 30 taekwondo practitioners, 60 non-athletes).
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"This cross-sectional study examined whether structured sport participation is selectively associated with specific executive function (EF) components in preadolescent children." The study uses group comparison of athletes versus non-athletes on measured outcomes, though the cross-sectional nature limits it to observational rather than experimental evidence.
Cross-sectional design precludes causal inference; cannot determine if sport improves executive function or if pre-existing differences in executive function lead to sport participation. Only male participants studied.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
