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The problem
Intervention: Longitudinal assessment of caregiving practices (stimulation activities) with monitoring of parental stress and child development outcomes
Who it was tested with: 341 caregivers and children in Kenya (Kisumu and Nairobi Counties) and Zambia (Chisamba District), followed from approximately 9 months to 36 months of child age.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel model (RI-CLPM) was used to determine the association between caregivers' parenting stress, child stimulation practices, and child developmental outcomes." This longitudinal design with repeated measurements tracks changes in key variables over time but lacks a randomized comparison group to establish causal effects.
The study does not clearly specify effect sizes or statistical significance levels. The associations with parental stress were mixed and inconsistent across settings, limiting causal conclusions. The study is observational rather than experimental, so causality cannot be firmly established.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 2 countries
