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The problem
Intervention: Classical music therapy
Who it was tested with: 38 school-aged children in Indonesia.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group design" and "Learning concentration was measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to determine the effect intervention." The pre-post measurement design with statistical analysis demonstrates an attempt to measure intervention effect, though the absence of a true control group limits causal inference.
No comparison group receiving no intervention or alternative treatment; lack of information on effect size, participant demographics, intervention duration and frequency, or long-term retention of improvements
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
