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The problem
Intervention: Parental (maternal) migration to urban areas
Who it was tested with: Children aged 6 to 30 months in rural China, approximately 25% of whom were left behind by migrating parents.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"We use a four-wave longitudinal survey following young children from 6 to 30 months of age to provide first evidence on the effects of parental migration on development, health, and nutritional outcomes." The longitudinal design with repeated measurement allows assessment of migration timing effects, though without a randomly assigned comparison group, it remains observational evidence of association.
The document does not specify whether comparison groups were matched or how confounding factors were controlled. The mechanism analysis is descriptive rather than causal confirmation. Long-term follow-up beyond age 2 is not reported.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
