(1) Aims: This study explored the mechanism by which exposure to different information sources on social media influences Chinese parents' intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. (2) Methods: We developed a research framework based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory to illustrate how exposure to information sources on social media increases vaccine confidence and, as a result, parents' intentions regarding pediatric vaccination. The partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method was used to test the data collected through an online survey (687 valid samples). (3) Results: The government approval of vaccines fuels vaccination confidence and acts as a mediator between (a) mass media, government new media, and key opinion leaders, and (b) perceived effectiveness and side effects (safety) of vaccines. (4) Conclusions: The mass media, government new media, and key opinion leaders are crucial sources for encouraging parents to vaccinate their children since they boost the vaccination trust. The focus of COVID-19 vaccination promotion should be to strengthen parents' trust in the government, combined with publicizing the effectiveness and side effects (safety) of vaccines.
BACKGROUND: Influenza B (Yamagata/Victoria lineage) can cause severe forms of respiratory infection among the pediatric population as well as influenza A strains (H3N2/H1N1). Vaccination against all four strains is required to prevent infection and severe outcome. This study is the first study to assess the immunogenicity of Quadrivalent Influenza HA vaccine (QIV) and ascertain safety among children in Indonesia. METHODS: This is an open labeled, single arm, bridging clinical study involving unprimed healthy children 6-35 months of age (Group I) and 3-8 years of age (Group II). Subjects on both groups receiving two doses of QIV with a 28 days interval. Serology tests were performed on baseline and 28 days post-vaccination. Hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were analyzed for Geometric Mean Titer (GMT), seroprotection, and seroconversion rates. Solicited reactions, unsolicited adverse events, and serious adverse events were observed up to 28 days post-vaccination. RESULTS: Out of 270 subjects enrolled, 269 subjects completed the study. Immunogenicity analysis were evaluated on 254 subjects. Seroprotection rates were ≥85% for all vaccine strains in both groups. Seroconversion of more than 4 folds for all strains occurred in both groups post-vaccination. In Group I, the increase of GMT for A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B/Texas, and B/Phuket was 12.5, 14.5, 8.2, and 6.4 folds, respectively. In Group II the increase of GMT for A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B/Texas, and B/Phuket was 14, 17, 10, and 8 folds, respectively. The majority of local adverse events (AEs) after the first and second immunizations were immediate injection-site pain (10.4% and 12.6%). The majority of systemic AEs after the first and second immunizations were delayed unsolicited AEs (14.8% and 14.9%). No vaccine-related serious adverse events or deaths were reported. CONCLUSION: The investigational QIV was immunogenic with an acceptable safety profile in children 6 months to 8 years of age. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03336593.
Meita Dhamayanti, Rodman Tarigan, Eddy Fadlyana et al.
INTRODUCTION: Parental control for a child's handphone access is important to ensure online safety. This study was to determine parental control on handphone access and the usage amongst Malaysian children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted electronically between April 2017 and March 2018 among parents with children above 2 years of age, who owned a handphone. The 10-item questionnaire included questions about rules applied to the use of handphones, education on cybersafety, the characteristics and activities of their youngest children who had full-time access to a handphone, and parental perceptions of their children's usage of handphones. A total of 215 parents were included. RESULTS: From this, 92% controlled their children's handphones use by setting rules. The commonest rules were limiting the time of handphone usage (77%) and being aware of whom the child was communicating with (77%). The majority (94%) educated their children on cybersafety, and the commonest discussed topic was not to communicate with strangers (93%). The children's average age of first handphone ownership was 10.6 (SD: 3.6) years, and the use of the handphone averaged 17.4 (SD: 18.5) hours a week. Despite the rules and education provided, only a quarter of parents were confident of their children's capability to manage their own safety when using handphones (27%). CONCLUSION: In summary, Malaysian parents did control their children's handphone usage.
The article discusses the main sources of danger for a child that he may encounter: dangerous objects; dangerous situations at home; strangers, as well as the issues of the need to form a preschooler's ideas about objects dangerous to life and health that are found in everyday life, teaching him to follow certain rules; various situations are analyzed, the reasons for categorical prohibitions are explained.
Abstract Introduction Triclofos and melatonin are commonly used oral sedatives in children for obtaining a sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) record. There has been no systematic review till now to compare the efficacy and safety of these two medications. Objectives The review intended to compare the efficacy of oral triclofos and melatonin in children <18 years of age for inducing adequate sedation for obtaining a sleep EEG record. We also attempted to compare the adverse effects, impact on EEG record, the yield of epileptiform abnormalities, and sleep onset latency in both groups. Methods A systematic search was conducted on “MEDLINE/PUBMED, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar” till November 30, 2020, with the following keywords/the Medical Subject Headings (MESH) terms while searching: “sleep EEG,” “electroencephalogram,” “triclofos,” “melatonin” OR “ramelteon” AND “epilepsy,” “seizure,” OR “convulsion.” ROB 2.0 and ROBINS-I tool was used to determine the risk of bias. To assess heterogeneity in studies, Higgins and Thompson's I 2 method was utilized. When I 2 was more than 50%, a random effects model was utilized and a fixed-effect model was used for other parameters. To assess the presence of publication bias, Egger's test was used. Results For describing the efficacy of triclofos in 1,284 and melatonin in 1,532 children, we selected 16 articles. The indirect comparison between the pooled estimate of all children receiving individual medications revealed comparable efficacy in obtaining successful sleep EEG record with a single dose (90 vs. 76%, p = 0.058) and repeat dose (p = 0.054), detection of epileptiform abnormalities (p = 0.06), and sleep onset latency (p = 0.06), but more proportion of children receiving triclofos had adverse effects (p = 0.001) and duration of sleep was also higher with triclofos (p = 0.001). Conclusion Efficacy of triclofos and melatonin are comparable in inducing sleep for recording EEG in children, although triclofos is more likely to cause adverse effects. However, the level of evidence is low for this conclusion and the weak strength of recommendation for the results of this review is likely to change in the future after completion of controlled trials exploring these two medications.
Prateek Kumar Panda, Pragnya Panda, Lesa Dawman et al.
BACKGROUND: Intranasal corticosteroids were recommended as first-line drugs for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) children. A variety of corticosteroids were available for clinical choice; however, which could relieve the clinical symptoms of patients to the greatest extent was currently unknown. Thus, we performed a network meta-analysis (NMA) to systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different corticosteroids in treating children with AR, which might provide a basis for more rational clinical treatment decisions. METHODS: Seven electronic databases were searched, and the retrieval time range was the time from their inception to November 2023. The literature screening, data extraction, and assessment of the risk of bias of included studies were completed independently by two reviewers. A frequentist NMA was performed with Stata17.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 43 RCTs covering 10,897 participants were included. In the improvement of reflective total nasal symptom score (rTNSS) and instantaneous total nasal symptom score (iTNSS), fluticasone furoate nasal spray (FFNS) and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) nasal aerosol presented the best efficacy. Regarding the incidence of adverse reactions, mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray (MFANS) and BDP showed a good safety profile. In terms of the influence of cortisol (urinary free cortisol, plasma cortisol) and growth, no significant difference was observed between the different groups. CONCLUSION: The results showed that BDP nasal aerosol and FFNS had best efficacy; MFANS and BDP had the best safety profile. However, this conclusion was less convincing because of the limited numbers of patients/controls and study quality.
Malaysia’s transition into a highly connected digital society has intensified both the opportunities and risks experienced by adolescents. This article examines how parental mediation and digital literacy interact with online risk and evaluates whether a parent-centred model remains adequate following the commencement of the Online Safety Act 2025 and the introduction of social-media account restrictions for users below 16. Using a doctrinal and evidence-informed socio-legal approach, the study applies a transparent purposive selection framework to Malaysian legislation, subsidiary instruments, official statistics, published child-consultation evidence and peer-reviewed empirical research. Sources were included where they addressed adolescent participation, parental mediation, digital literacy, disclosure, platform design or institutional accountability, and were synthesised against four outcomes: exposure, competence, trust and disclosure, and access to remedy. The analysis finds that digital literacy has a dual effect: it expands learning and participation while also increasing encounters with risk. Restrictive mediation may reduce immediate exposure but can suppress skills, trust and disclosure, whereas active mediation and proportionate supervision are more compatible with resilience. Recent consultations involving children in Malaysia reinforce that online access is integral to education and connection, while young users may still feel unsafe, unheard and left to manage harm alone. The Online Safety Act 2025 shifts responsibility towards platforms through duties concerning safe design, reporting, assistance and child-user protection. The article develops a Shared Digital Responsibility Model that assigns distinct obligations to adolescents, caregivers, schools, platforms and regulators, and operationalises the model through phased implementation, measurable indicators, coordinated oversight and independent evaluation. It concludes that Malaysian policy should measure protection not by reduced access alone, but by whether adolescents can participate online with competence, privacy, trusted support, effective remedies and meaningful institutional accountability.
Mohamad Rizal Abd Rahman, Wan Farahiyah Izni W Abd Rahman, Siti Farahiyah Ab Rahim et al.
Abstract Purpose This study developed and applied a pathway-based extension for Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) that links reference-scale child labour risk indicators to life-year impacts and human capital (HC) losses. This framework was used to assess upstream raw material extraction in lithium-ion battery supply chains for electric vehicles. Methods The pathway starts from the reference-scale probabilities of child labour and school dropout from the Social Hotspots Database, combined with labour hours per FU derived from a multi-regional input–output model. Midpoint child labour risk hours were converted into the expected numbers of affected children and cumulative activity life-years (CAYLs)—a metric representing deviations from a counterfactual life course trajectory—for both education and work. The endpoint indicators capture years of schooling lost (YSLL) and net years of work life gained (YWLG). An optional valuation layer converts these life-year changes into monetary HC losses (ΔHC) using a lifetime income framework consistent with inclusive wealth accounting, domain-specific HC weights, and constant shadow prices. The approach was applied to the upstream mining and raw material processing segments of a 53-kWh traction battery pack, focusing on nine raw material supply chains. Results and discussion The results indicate that several upstream countries–material combinations in cobalt, graphite, and lithium supply chains are associated with substantial losses of schooling years per 53 kWh battery pack, while gains in working years per affected child are relatively small in terms of welfare. Aggregated per FU, education-domain losses dominate work-domain gains for almost all suppliers, yielding a uniformly negative ΔHC. In some segments, absolute human capital losses are of the same order of magnitude as or even exceed, local value added. A sensitivity analysis showed that the magnitude of ΔHC was most affected by uncertainty in the reference-scale prevalence, whereas the results were less sensitive to the displacement parameter and discount rate. The hotspot ranking was robust across the tested parameter variants. Conclusions The proposed pathway offers a transparent, modular way to translate child labour risk indicators into life-year and human capital metrics within S-LCA. For upstream battery supply chains, the findings highlight forgone schooling as a central driver of long-term welfare loss and point to a small set of raw material segments as social hotspots. The framework can support the integration of education-related welfare indicators into life cycle sustainability assessments and responsible sourcing policies while remaining compatible with inclusive wealth and human capital accounting practices.
Shuning Chen, Sayaka Kakiuchi, Norihiro Itsubo et al.
Despite the legal setup, child labour is one of the serious socio-legal problems and a severe violation of human rights in India for millions of children. It shows that this significant problem exists here, although well-established laws prohibited child labour several decades ago. This research investigates the socio-economic factors, mainly poverty, education access denial, social norms, and labour laws' non-compliance in developing child labour among the vulnerable populace. It analyzes the existing mechanisms of law through critical examination in the light of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016, the Right to Education Act, 2009, and other international conventions ratified by India. Through a case study from different states, this research exposes the loopholes in enforcement and policy implementation regarding sectors like agriculture, mining, garment industry, and domestic labour. Findings indicate that the weaknesses in law enforcement, corruption, bureaucracy, and lack of interagency coordination exacerbate this issue, thereby leaving many children open to exploitation. A multi-pronged approach strengthening legal enforcement, enhancing rehabilitation programs, integrating technology to monitor child labour, and increasing public awareness would serve as a necessary condition for sustainable eradication. This study emphasizes that because of the non-governmental organizations, the Indian government, and international agencies working together, child rights have to be taken seriously.
Children of today are the future citizens of tomorrow. Children are the important assets of the society. Every child has the right to enjoy his childhood. They have the right to education, recreation and development of their personality. But it is harsh reality that in many countries of the world, children are denied their physical, mental and psychological development. In the global society approximately out of 153 crore children about 25 crore are 'Child Labour'. Child labour problem is universal one. This practice has been vogue since long in India. In rural areas child labour is being used in agriculture and other household works. With industrialization they are employed in hazardous occupations.
