D -data interpretation, E -Manuscript Preparation, F -Literature search, G -funds collectionBackground.Violence against children is a major social problem.the state's task is to provide appropriate mechanisms to prevent violence.an analysis of the phenomenon of violence seems a fundamental step to counteract it.Objectives. the aim of this study was to analyze the phenomenon of domestic violence against children in north-western Poland.Material and methods.the materials were european Blue cards concerning cases of violence in the city of szczecin in the years 2012 and 2013.the analysis included a total of 1299 Blue cards, from which 58 cards related to violence against children were selected.the selected method was the document analysis method.Results.Most frequently, persons using violence against children were ascendants, i.e. parents or grandparents (45; 77.59% of cases). in second place (6; 10.34% of cases) were people around the domestic environment, and then collaterals (3; 5.17%), and strangers (2; 3.45%).Most often, the forms of physical violence were pushing and hitting, which was experienced by 57.63% (34) and 54.24% (32) of children, respectively.the most common forms of psychological violence used against children were insults (experienced by 30; 51.72% of children), humiliation (22; 37.93%), criticism (21; 36.21%), and threats (20; 34.48%).Conclusions.the analysis of Blue cards shows that children are not victims of violence as often as adults, which may show imperfections of procedures as a tool that should be used to identify domestic violence.Persons who use domestic violence against children are usually ascendants.adults use various forms of violence against children, mostly shoving, hitting and name-calling.
Marta Kożybska, Marta Giezek, Paulina Zabielska et al.
BACKGROUND: Violence against children can have extensive, long-term, and far-reaching adverse impacts on survivors and society. There is currently little consensus in the United Kingdom around the prevalence of violence against children: maltreatment, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, bullying, and community violence, and most existing studies focus on only a single or a few forms of violence. This study aims to produce data to highlight the current magnitude of the problem in the UK, to inform policy, drive action and allow for monitoring of progress over time. OBJECTIVE: To produce weighted prevalence estimates by violence type, as well as gender and age sub-categories, to give as full a picture as possible of the current prevalence of violence against children in the UK. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The prevalence of violence against children from 23 self-report studies conducted in the United Kingdom was gathered through a systematic review. METHODS: Databases were searched from inception to 24th June 2022. Studies were reviewed systematically for appropriate data and meta-analyses were conducted to give pooled prevalence data based on a quality effects model. RESULTS: The most prevalent self-reported experience of childhood violence was community violence at 27.33 % (95 % CI [9.84, 48.97]). Prevalence of bullying was also high at 22.75 % (95 % CI [13.25, 33.86]). The most prevalent forms of child maltreatment were domestic violence exposure at 11.9 % (95 % CI [6.34, 18.84]) and emotional maltreatment at 11.84 % (95 % CI [5.58, 19.89]). CONCLUSION: National child maltreatment surveys are needed in the UK, using a comprehensive and conceptually robust approach, and valid and reliable instruments, to provide data for researchers and policymakers on the prevalence of all types of violence against children including exposure to multiple types. This allows monitoring of trends over time, can inform strategies for prevention, and can enable monitoring of future progress in reducing violence against children and its associated health and economic burden.
Alexandra Nation, Rosana Pacella, Claire P. Monks et al.
Violence against children arouses significant public interest as a phenomenon that opposes the most appreciated social interests. Media coverage of this topic has been conditioned by the need of the public for complete and truthful reporting, and, at the same time, by the need of media to survive in the increasingly saturated media market. The question is whether the race for the most current and intriguing media content endangers fulfillment of obligations related to the protection of interests of minors and obligations stipulated by the law. The aim of this paper is to point to the aspects of reporting on violence against children that could be improved in the future. Therefore, after the introductory considerations about violence against children and media reporting on this topic and after the review of scientific literature in this field, the central part of the paper is devoted to the analysis of media coverage of three Serbian daily papers on violence against children. The author concludes that positive regulations and professional codes are respected, but that reporting does not always serve an educational and preventive purpose, and that the protection of the dignity of victims is not at a satisfactory level at all times.
Investigating prevalence of child abuse in sport is a relatively new field of research, born from the need for credible data on this phenomenon. To establish prevalence rates of interpersonal violence against children in sport in six European countries. The sample (N = 10,302) consists of individuals aged 18–30 who had participated in organized sport prior to age 18 (49.3 % male, 50 % female). A self-report questionnaire was developed (the Interpersonal Violence Against Children in Sport Questionnaire or IVACS-Q) to measure prevalence of five categories of interpersonal violence (neglect, psychological violence, physical violence, non-contact sexual violence, and contact sexual violence) against children who participate in sport. Validation testing (published separately) showed reasonable levels of convergent and divergent validity. Prevalence rates are calculated by national context, whether inside or outside sport, and by sex (male/female). Prevalence of IVACS inside sport differed by category: psychological violence (65 %, n = 6679), physical violence (44 %, n = 4514), neglect (37 %, n = 3796), non-contact sexual violence (35 %, n = 3565), and contact sexual violence (20 %, n = 2060). Relatively small geographical differences were found. Across all categories, males (79 %, n = 4018) reported significantly more experiences inside sport than females (71 %, n = 3653) (χ2(1) = 92.507, p < .000). Strong correlations were found between experiencing violence inside and outside sport. Interpersonal violence against children in sport is widespread. The sector's approach to prevention must recognize the risks to female and male children and the additional vulnerabilities of abused children. Further comparative and longitudinal research within sport is required.
Mike Hartill, Bettina Rulofs, Marc Allroggen et al.
The increasing visibility of violence involving children has led to a recognition of the need to research its underlying dynamics. As a result, we now have a better understanding of the complexities involved in this kind of research, associated with children’s developmental characteristics and social status, exposure to violence, and compromised parenting of caregivers. This paper discusses the issues raised by parental consent in research on violence against children, specifically the dilemma of children’s rights to participation and protection, and proposes changes in research practice in this domain.
The objective of this narrative review is to analyze, through the estimates made in previous studies, the costs of medical, physical, and mental care, productivity losses, costs for the child protection system, and costs for the criminal justice system of violence against children and youth, with special emphasis on sexual violence. The reviewed studies confirm that violence in early stages of development is associated with greater use of health services and other resources, which represents a significant public investment that must be taken into account. These works have limitations that derive from the incomplete or unreliable data included regarding mortality and morbidity related to violence against children and that imply variable estimates of their costs, which in Spain range from 17 billion euros for adverse childhood experiences, to around €1 billion for sexual violence. Reliable data are needed on the costs of violence against children in order to make better-informed decisions about financial investment in its prevention and treatment, as well as to raise awareness of its scale and impact.
Sexual violence against children in sports receives little research attention. The aim of this Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-based systematic literature review was to synthesize the up-to-date knowledge and identify the already known and the still unknown information in this area. The literature search yielded seven eligible studies for inclusion. Their key outcomes suggest that sexual violence against children in sports is prevalent. Girls are more often the victims than boys, but gender appears to mediate the disclosure. Minority groups are at higher risk for sexual violence, and athletes at higher levels of competition seem to be more vulnerable for grooming. While the coach is often seen as the perpetrator, new research suggests that peer-athletes may precede the coach. Disclosure is a problem, due to personal and interpersonal concerns, which deters scholastic research in this area. In the final section of the review, a "what we know" and "what we need to know" list of highlights is offered as the concluding summary of the review. These factual points could raise the awareness of parents and/or guardians about the vulnerability of their children to sexual abuse if they are involved in sports. They could also attract the attention of the policy makers to the urgent need of developing and implementing preventive measures to make sports and exercise environments pleasurable and safe for children.
The study concerns various possible ways of reporting violence against children by adults at school, divided into the school level and the external level procedures. Procedures for dealing with adult violence against children at school are specified in school regulations, while external mechanisms can be found, inter alia, in the Act on the Education System and the Children’s Ombudsman Act. The state mainly monitors school life and violence prevention in schools through Education Office supervision. The author notes that the available data on adult violence against children at school is not representative and that research on this issue is not conducted systematically. Currently, all entities whose activities involve working with children or where children are or may be present are obliged to prepare and implement the ‘Standards for the Protection of Minors’.
The attitude of the society towards children is conditioned by its cultural, social, economic, and political aspects. However, violence against children is a historical phenomenon present in every society, regardless of its level of development. The responsibility lies with the state and society to enable and ensure the equality of children's rights with other members of the community and to protect children from violence, considering the fact that children cannot do this by themselves. Destructiveness of the consequences of violence against children indicates the necessity of a systematic fight against this phenomenon. The subject of this paper is to present the etiology of violence against children, i.e., the causes influencing the influx of violence against children, as well as the phenomenological aspect of this occurrence. In this context, this paper aims to indicate the causes, characteristics, and manifestations of violence against children through the presentation of empirical knowledge. The forms of violence against children overlap, but it is necessary to distinguish them in order to create more effective measures of their prevention and suppression.
Violence against children is a dynamic, changing social phenomenon. Every society, regardless of the level of development of democracy, economic and political development, regardless of the level of protection of human rights, encounters violence against children on a daily basis. The first professional interests in violence against children were made between the two world wars, but the first active measures to oppose it appeared in the mid-sixties of the twentieth century, in the most developed countries. In the 21st century, the countries of the "third world" remain in a civilizational, cultural, value cocoon. No matter how impossible and imaginary it may seem, in some countries, violence against children is still denied as a social phenomenon and a deviation. The negation of violence does not stem from the circumstance that the child is not physically and mentally punished, but that this "punishment" is justified for the purpose of good upbringing, tradition and similar found excuses. For many years, this attitude has been held in many post-communist states, states that have been isolated for decades, either because of politics or because of religion. However, with the globalization of society, the inevitable opening of borders, but also under great assets whose affirmation of ordinary organizations, primarily at the global and then at the state level, the topic of "violence against children" slowly gained its epilogue. Today, in 2021, violence against children is an open topic in most communities. There are no more taboos. And no turning heads from violence. Of course, there are exceptions, but the world is full of rules with some exceptions. The paper deals with two aspects: global and national, specifically the Republic of Serbia. The paper deals with the definition of the concept of the child, types of violence, legal acts regulating the rights of the child, applied measures, but also proposals for measures and moves to take exceptions (those who deny the existence of violence against children, those who it doesn't matter…) be if not zeroed, and at least minimized.
