The problem of child labour exists across the globe and our India is one among the nations of being a large employer of child labour. India has been experiencing a high growth rate in many economic indicators in the last few decades. To study the impact of economic development on child labour, secondary data on the volume of child labour was collected decadal wise and time-series data on different indicators of economic development were collected for India and Punjab. The study revealed that economic indicators registered significant growth during 1971–2014, particularly during 2001–2014. The results of regression analysis indicated that an increase in GDP with an increase in agricultural and industrial production and an increase in exports of India and Punjab would led to a decline in the incidence of child labour.
The focus of this article is on numerous notions of child labour, their socioeconomic concerns, and the global and Indian child labour scenarios. It examines key variables that contribute to child labour in India and around the world. Child labourers faced a variety of mental and physical risks. Poverty, a lack of educational resources, social and economic backwardness, and a lack of supervision are all factors that contribute to child labour Addiction, illness or handicap, the allure of low-wage work, and family obligations are all factors to consider, family tradition, discrimination between boys and girlsas well as young ladies are facing such as rape, prostitution, early and undesired pregnancy, abortion, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), narcotics, and alcoholism. That all areexamples of sexual abuse.Corporal punishment, as well as emotional abuse such as blaming, insulting, verbal attacks, and derogatory statements, are examples of physical abuse. Loneliness and hopelessness of compassion and love throughout the family Food, clothing, housing, and medical treatment are all in short supply.We propose a human-centred education agenda for the future of work as a new approach to the centre of economic and social policy and corporate practise.
Child Labour refers to work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children and interfere with their schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school. In Bangladesh, child labour is very common. In 2006, Bangladesh enacted The Bangladesh Labour Act and outlawed work by children under the age of 14. But reality is the numbers of child labourers is rising day by day. Socio-economic condition of Bangladesh is mainly responsible for child labour. Here in Bangladesh, Children work for helping their family financially as many families live under the poverty level. Also, the child workers are cheaper and considered to be more compliant and obedient than adults, so the employers take this opportunity. Bangladesh government and International Labour Organization are working for preventing child labour in Bangladesh. An attempt is made in this paper to present the comparison between law and reality in Bangladesh regarding child labour.
'Child Labour' is any work undertaken by a child under the legal minimum working age that may be harmful to his or her health and social development. Child labour is a main product of poverty and the other causes of child labour are included in natural calamities, man-made disasters (civil strife) and traditional social system, in allowing children to work. Children are generally docile, obedient, hired at cheaper rates than adults, and silent as far as their rights as workers are concerned. Besides, Children are labour intensive and require laborious work for long hours or during the rights. This fact is a significant element for preferred in labour market. There are four types of Child labour that the international community has declared to be 'worst forms'; slavery; sexual exploitation; illicit activities, and hazardous work. The exploitation on child labour is prohibited by international conventions and national legislation. In Myanmar, labour legislation was originated for child labour protection during the industrialization process. The total number of child population in Myanmar between the age of (5-17) is over 12-4 million, of which more than 0.4 million are working in dangerous-environments, according to Myanmar labour force survey, published by the Ministry of labour, Immigration and Population (MOLIP), 2018. The protection of Child labour plays an important role in the state. Therefore, according to the current situation of Myanmar, laws and the legal system need to be improved with the assistance from ILO and strength ended to protect the rights and welfare of child workers.
Child labour is one of the major factors to deprive our future generations from education. It is an obstacle to sustainable socio-cultural development and economic growth of the country. It is very disheartening to see the plight of young budding childhood plucked by deep-rooted poverty. Starting work early, in the form of child labour, can affect prospects for decent work throughout a person’s life. They have no hope for a promising future. As adults they are likely to be living in poverty. Often, they have to rely on their own children working to have enough money to afford basic necessities for the survival of their family. This continues the child labour-poverty cycle into the next generation. The cycle of poverty is one of the largest contributing factors to child labour. The concern of the child labour has been a global issue, as it highly involved in inhibiting the sustainable growth and development of the country. According to the Indian law, children below the age of 14 years cannot be employed to any type of work forcefully. India has unfortunately the largest number of child labourers in the world. The problem of child labour is haunting humanity at global level. This Article outlines the key issues relating to present child labour prohibition law to control the situation. It also attempts to make an analysis of the nature of the problem, the causes of rising instances of child labour and their remedies. This Endeavour also examines in brief the economic, social and legal facets of the problem and emphasizes on creating the awareness among people to improve the present position of the problem of Child Labour.
The physical aspects of child labour across the world have been explored to a vast context. Child labour's impact on health, education, economy, family were widely discussed, but the relationship between child labour and psychological health still remains an unexplored area. The present study explores the hyperactive aspect of child labour. Strength and difficulty questionnaire of Robert Goodman was used. The tool was applied to children in Delhi (n=1000) in the slums over a group of school going and child labour children between the ages of 7-14 years. The mean t-test value for child labour was 4.77 and that of school children of the same socioeconomic condition was 4.60. The results were almost the same probably because the same types of social problems exists for both the groups. Strong positive association between working children status and difficulty score was established (p<.001).
Child labour is a complex problem that is basically rooted in poverty. The government is quite committed to the cause of controlling and eliminating child labour from India. India has all along followed a proactive policy with respect to the problem of child labour, and has stood for the constitutional, statutory and developmental measures to combat child labour. Child labour laws and legislations have been enacted in our country, but the condition of child labourers still remains the same. This is because of lack of effective machinery for the implementation of such laws as well as the lack of awareness among labourers and employers about the restrictions on the employment of children as workers.
Indonesia has been ratified UNCRC through a Presidential Decree No. 36 of 1990. Meanwhile, under article 68 of Law No. 13 of 2003 on Labour, provide the prohibition of the employer from employing the children, with the exception in article 69.. In Central Aceh, it is become a habit for horse owners to hire children.This paper aim to find the protection of educational rights for child labour in Indonesia generally according to International Human Rights Instruments; and the protection of child labour especially in case of Child Labour at Horse Stable in Takengon, Central Aceh.The research use normative empirical approach. The result found the protection of educational rights have been stated in several International Human Rights Instruments; and it is the duty of government along with family toward the protection of educational rights for child labour. It is suggested to the Indonesian government to create a monitoring body that focus on Child Labour issue. The government of Central Aceh should make local regulation regarding the educational rights for child labour.
Khairatunnisa Khairatunnisa, Muhammad Ya’kub Aiyub Kadir
A sizeable number of growing children of poor socio-economic class especially in rural areas are known to be inducted as child labour. Studies have shown that labour at very young ages can have dire consequences on the child’s development, both physical and mental. Child labourers always had lower growth and health status compared to their non0working counterparts, besides exposure to occupational hazards at a very young stage in their lives. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child and our own Constitution has laid down that childhood and youth should be protected against exploitation. In 1973, the ILO passed a convention establishing 15 as the minimum work age for most sectors while permitting light work from age 13, provided that such work was unlikely to harm child’s health, moral s and safety or prejudice his school attendance. Official estimates for child labour working as domestic labour and in restaurants is more that 2,500,000 while NGOs estimate the figure to be around 20 million. The Government of India expanded the coverage of the Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act and banned the employment of children as domestic workers and as works in restaurants, dhabas, hotels, spas and resorts effective from 10 October, 2006. The problem of child labour exploitation is major challenge to the progress of developing countries. Children work at the cost of their right to education which leaves them permanently trapped in the poverty cycle, sadly without the education and literacy required for better-paying jobs. This is particularly serious in India as it tops the list with the highest number of child labourers in the world. The 2001 national census of India estimated the total number of child labour, aged 5-14 to be at 17 million. Out of the 12.6 million, 0.12 million engages in hazardous job. However, according to informal labour force statistics, the problem seems to be more severe than reflected. Child labour is estimated to be as large as 60 million in India, as many children are “hidden workers” working in homes or in the underground economy. In the long run, this phenomenon will evolve to be both a social and an economic problem as economic disparities widen the poor and educationally backward states and that of the faster-growing. India has the highest number of labourers in the world less than 14 years of age. Although the Constitution of India guarantees free and compulsory education to children between the age of 6 to 14 and prohibits employment of children younger than 14 in 18 hazardous occupations and 65 hazardous processes, child labour is prevalent in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy. Companies including Gap, Primark, Monsanto and others have been criticised for using child labour in either their operations in India or by their suppliers in India.
Child labour refers to the exploitation of children through work that deprives them of their childhood, education and basic rights. It is a global issue, often driven by poverty, lack of access to education, and economic inequality. The study was conducted using primary data collected from 120 respondents (60 farm and 60 off farm) to analyse factors responsible for the child labour. The findings showed that personal factors i.e. economic needs and drunken father were the dominating factors responsible for child labour. Irregular income of the family and family debt forced the children to earn at earlier age. Besides these, migration, which is more common among farm respondents and large family size were contributing factor for increasing child labour. Thus, the study suggested that government should provide avenues of vocational training to provide better employment opportunities to unemployed parents and encourage them to send their wards to school for education.
