Africa Knowledge Hub for Children

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex19 Feb 2020

Child Labour in India: A Product of Socio-Economic Factors:

Children are considered as the asset of the nation however would a nation develop whose children are working for a one time meal? India is a largest democracy in the world with a strongest legal framework yet it is lacking behind in the field of elimination of the child labour. It is true that child labour in India is a product of Socio-Economic factors and the society is accepting this social evil as a social norm. In India the socio-economic factors are dominating the legislative efforts and safeguards. India judiciary has done a commendable job with its landmark judgements and set a milestone to a good start against this social evil. But if we see the numbers the present status of child labour in India is not good as 152 million children are still in child labour. The International Labour Organization look forward towards the UN Sustainable Development Goal Target 8.7 set by the International Community calling for an end to child labour in all its forms by 2025. It is high time now, we must completely participate in achieving the goal to make India free from the curse of child labour.

Nikita Negi, Ashwani Kumar Dwivedi

ProtectionINRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex28 Jan 2025

Child labour in Aligarh lock industry

Child labour is a major social problem in the developing countries like India. Millions of Child labour not only removes of all joy of childhood but also crush the right to normal physical and mental development. Child labour is the most mistreated labour class in India. Child labour in unorganised sector is unsecured and backward physically, socio-economically, educationally and in other aspects. Child labour is mostly concentrated in Asia and Africa, which together account for more than 90 % of the total child employment. Asia is led by India which has more than 44 million child labourers and the largest child workforce in the world. Children work to help their families in ways that are harmful and exploitative. This paper focuses on the working, economic, health, problems and vulnerabilities of child labours in Aligarh lock industry. Child labour hampers the normal physical, intellectual, emotional and moral development of a child. Children who are in the growing process can permanently distort or disable their bodies when they carry heavy loads or are forced to adopt unnatural positions at work for long hours. Occupational diseases are mainly caused due to improper management of the occupational health of the workers. The study is mainly based on primary data collected through field surveys. Questionnaire based interviews of child workers household have taken from different wards of the city. Various information of 1000 child workers has been gathered from extensive survey of field investigation. Analysis shows that the conditions of child labour are poor and they are facing many problems, such as low wages, long working hours, abuse, beating and heath problems ,etc.

Parveen S

SurvivalDevelopmentProtectionINRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex28 Jun 2025

A CRITICAL STUDY ON CHILD LABOUR IN KEONJHAR DISTRICT OF ODISHA

Child labour is still a major issue in many parts of India, including Keonjhar district in Odisha. Even though there are laws like the Factories Act, 1948, and the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, child labour continues to exist in great numbers. This study looks at why this problem is still going on, focusing on reasons like poverty, insufficient education facilities, and lack of support for families. The research incorporates both primary and secondary data to provide a better understanding of the issue. The research especially highlights child labour in hotels, farms, small shops, and even in households across the district. Using both interviews and government data, the study shows how children are being forced into work at a young age, skipping school and suffering from both physical and mental pressure. The paper points out that while some efforts have been made by the government and NGOs are not sufficient. It suggests stronger and better law enforcement, better schooling opportunities, more consciousness among people, and support for poor families to help stop this problem from growing. Solving this issue in Keonjhar is not just important for the children, but for a better future of the whole world.

Nabaghan Mallick, Mousumi Mahana -

ProtectionDevelopmentINRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex30 Jun 2024

The Trade-off between Child Labour and Schooling in Pakistan

Objectives: One of the major issue of developing countries is child labour. A huge number of children, doing the labour work instead of going to schooling under the age of sixteen years. Due to early involvement in work it decrease their work of capacity and a big cause of lower economic growth of a country. Research Gap: We use Pakistan Social and living Standard Measurement (PSLM) dataset of 2018- 19 for our empirical study on child labour and schooling. This survey covers the all regions of Pakistan that are urban, rural and provinces wise also. Methodology: we used descriptive and Binominal Logistic Model for the estimations. Our dependent variable is binary it has two categories. Main Findings: Results showing that gender wise that boys are significantly more involved in child labour as compare to girls. Significant regional differences are also exist in child labour. Income and parental education negatively related with the likelihood that the child is doing work while when the household size is increasing the probability of child labour also increasing. Theoretical / Practical Implications of the Findings: According to province wise huge number of working children proportion is available in Baluchistan followed by Sindh, Punjab and KPK. According to gender wise data is showing that the proportion of working and non-working female children is lesser than the proportion of male working and non-working male children. Originality/Value: Employing rigorous analysis, the study offers valuable data and practical insights for policymakers aiming to promote economic stability.

Farah Gul, Hamid Hasan, Malik Muhammad

ProtectionDevelopmentPKRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex25 Mar 2021

Child Labour in Pakistan: Way Out Analyzing Constitutional Mandate

Purpose: Child Labor is the worldwide social issue. The study undertaken attempts to identify the reasons behind child labour and to assess the socio-economic related problems faced by the working children. This study further analysis the effectiveness, sufficiency and potential of the constitutional provisions concerning children’s rights as committed in the Constitution, 1973. Findings: In Pakistan, child labour is not only prohibited, it is discouraged by providing a free compulsory education, self-respect and social welfare. Though, these provisions are healthy sign, but are not comprehensive on child labour particularly for determining the minimum age and nature of work. Even these provisions are not clear, and harmonious with one another. Implications: Furthermore, the ordinary laws are not in compatibility mode of the constitutional provisions. Such complications are both about child and child labour definition. So, it is suggested to have a single common standard of these two basic factors in child labour context for saving the children from indulging in child labour in Pakistan.

Barkat Ali, Shaukat Hussain Bhatti, Fazli Dayan

ProtectionDevelopmentPKRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex1 Jan 2024

Parental education and child labour: evidence from Pakistan

Child labour deprives children of their right to education, resulting in a lack of skills, human capital, and a reduction in future earnings. This study provides a better understanding of child labour by examining its relationship with socio-economic factors. Using PSLM 2019-2020 data, logit estimates show that an increase in the parental level of education reduces the chance of child labour. The well-being measured by the wealth index shows that children from wealthy households are less likely to work. Furthermore, the fathers' employment substitutes, while mothers' employment complements children's work. Girls are less likely to involve in child labour than boys. However, this may be interpreted carefully as girls are primarily engaged in household chores that are not reported. Finally, children from rural areas are more likely to do work than children from urban areas. Similarly, children from Balochistan have a greater chance of child labour than Sindh, Punjab, and KPK.

Malik Muhammad, Nasim Shah Shirazi, Zafar Kayani

ProtectionDevelopmentPractitionerPKRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex7 May 2025

Challenges in the Enactment of Child Labour Laws in India

Child labor remains a pervasive issue in India, despite the existence of laws aimed at preventing it. The Indian government has enacted various laws and policies to combat child labor, including the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. However, the implementation and enforcement of these laws have been hindered by various challenges, including corruption, lack of resources, and societal attitudes. This paper examines the challenges in the enactment of child labor laws in India, including the complexities of implementation, enforcement, and addressing the root causes of child labor. Through a critical analysis of existing literature and case studies, this research identifies key obstacles to effective law enforcement, including inadequate inspection mechanisms, lack of awareness among parents and children, and the prevalence of child labor in informal sectors. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening child labor laws and improving their enforcement in India. The paper argues that effective enforcement of child labor laws requires a multifaceted approach that addresses the root causes of child labor, strengthens law enforcement mechanisms, and promotes awareness and education. The research provides insights into the complexities of child labor in India and offers policyrecommendations for improving the effectiveness of child labour laws. The study's findings have implications for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers working to combat child labor in India and other developing countries.

Riya Yadav, Riya Shree, Sania Perwez et al.

ProtectionDevelopmentINRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex14 Feb 2022

CHILD LABOUR: CAUSES AND PROTECTIVE LEGISLATIVE MECHANISM IN INDIA

From the 18th of century, legislation of India has tried to protect and regulate child labour in various industries and plantations. The first and foremost concern of the legislation was to regulate working hours for children, to prescribe the lowest age limit for working of children, to ensure the life, health of the child workers, and to prevent the working of children in hazardous work. Child Labour legislations are preventing the working of children below the age of 14 years and 15 years in industries, factories, plantation, and occupations. In absence of provisions to resolve the problem and due to lack of political will, the number of child labour in total labour force of the Nation is keeping on increasinsg.

Sanjay J. Ambekar

ProtectionINRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex30 Jan 2019

A Re-Examination of the Determinants of Child Labour in Côte d’Ivoire

This last year, the extent of poverty and socio-economic crises in some African countries, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire have favoured child labour. Thus, despite the political fight against this phenomenon, it’s remains a concern. This research therefore aims to identify the determinants of child labour in Côte d’Ivoire, using 2005 data from the national survey on child labour with 5,571 children. The descriptive statistic showed that 1,509 (27.09%) were in child labour category: 743 boys (27.04%) and 766 girls (27.14%). The estimated multinomial logit presented that household poverty and low level of parent’s education remains a determinant of child labour. In addition, the permanent employment of the household in agriculture reduces child labour. Thus, policy makers can modernize agriculture. This strategy will allow the use of modern technology inaccessible to children and improve agricultural productivity. With a guaranteed minimum price for agricultural production poor households will earn higher incomes. In addition, targeted free schooling is required.

Pokou Edouard Abou

ProtectionCIRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex1 Apr 2025

Child labour: A barrier to India’s sustainable development goals

One of the most pervasive societal evils is child labour.Among South Asian nations, India accounts for a disproportionately high percentage of child labour worldwide.The ILO report "Child Labour in South Asia" claims that India has 5.8 million children aged 5 to 17 working, followed by Bangladesh (5 million), Pakistan (3.4 million), and Nepal (2 million).The present situation of child labour in India is distressing.Even though there was a decline in the number of working children to 3.9% in 2011 from 5% in 2001, the decline rate is grossly insufficient to meet Target 8.7 of the United Nations (UNs) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is to end child labour in all forms by 2030.The COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the existing situation of child labour and made it difficult to achieve the global goal of ending child labour.Child labour impedes children from gaining skills and education, further perpetuating household poverty across generations and slowing down economic growth and sustainable development.To reach SDG Target 8.7, eradicating child labour will require a globally integrated approach, coordinated actions, effective policy-making and efficient use of resources, etc. Objectives and methodology: This study is based on a sample of two hundred child labourers randomly taken from the Dimapur city.The primary data is collected through a survey method using semi-structured questionnaires.The main objectives of this study are to closely assess the socioeconomic parameters, including place of origin, caste and religion, and parental occupation, as well as the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on children engaging in child labour.Thus, by using both the qualitative and quantitative approach, this study investigates the magnitude of child labour and its impact on the global sustainable development goals with reference to the Dimapur district in Nagaland.

Daniel Michal Khan

ProtectionDevelopmentINBDPKNPRead at source

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