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2,821 reports · page 188 of 283
The paper is part of a collaborative research organized by the International Association of Youth and Family Judges and Magistrates (AIMJF/IAYFJM) on child participation as victims or witnesses in criminal cases. The article explains the legal, institutional and procedural aspects of child participation in the Justice System in East Timor
José Quintão Celestino
Aim To systematically compare the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in children with allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from inception to March 2, 2023. Outcomes included symptom scores (SSs), medication scores (MSs), symptom and medication scores (SMSs), new sensitizations, development of asthma, improvement, and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). The quality of the included studies was assessed by the modified Jadad scale and Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Meta-regression was carried out to explore the source of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was further conducted in terms of study design [randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies], allergen [house dust mites (HDMs), grass pollen], treatment duration (≥ 24, 12-23 or < 12 months), allergen immunotherapy (AIT) modality (drops or tablets), and AIT protocol [continuous, pre-seasonal, co-seasonal, or after the grass pollen season (GPS)]. Sensitivity analysis was conducted for all outcomes. A Bayesian framework and a Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) model were developed for indirect comparison. Results Totally 50 studies with 10813 AR children were included, with 4122 treated with SLIT, 1852 treated with SCIT, and 4839 treated with non-SLIT or non-SCIT therapy. For direct comparison, the SLIT group had a similar SS to the SCIT group [pooled standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.46, 1.28, P = 0.353]. Comparable MSs were observed in the SLIT and SCIT groups (pooled SMD: 0.82, 95%CI: -0.88, 2.53, P = 0.344). For indirect comparison, no significant differences were found in SSs (pooled SMD: 1.20, 95% credibility interval (CrI): -1.70, 4.10), MSs (pooled SMD: 0.57, 95%CrI: -1.20, 2.30), SMSs (pooled SMD: 1.80, 95%CrI: -0.005, 3.60), new sensitizations [pooled relative risk (RR): 0.34, 95%CrI: 0.03, 3.58], and development of asthma (pooled RR: 0.68, 95%CrI: 0.01, 26.33) between the SLIT and SCIT groups; the SLIT group illustrated a significantly lower incidence of TRAEs than the SCIT group (pooled RR: 0.17, 95%CrI: 0.11, 0.26). Conclusion Considering both efficacy and safety, SLIT might be a more favorable AIT than SCIT in the treatment of pediatric AR, which may serve as a decision-making reference for clinicians. Systematic review registration PROSPERO (CRD42023460693).
Jiumei Yang, Sihong Lei
The present study aimed to explore views and attitudes of parents towards the use of unlicensed and off-label medicines in children, paediatric clinical trials, and the role of pharmacists in the safety and effectiveness of medicines. A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted over social media networks in the Arab world to assess parents’ views and attitude towards use of unlicensed/off-label medicines and clinical trials in children. Validated questionnaire was adopted to achieve the study goals. A total of 4740 respondents completed the online questionnaire. 55.2% have no previous knowledge of use of unlicensed medicines in children. Most of parents thought that they should be told about the use of such medicines, with the doctor (55.0%) selected as the person who should tell parents. Respondents thought that the use of medicines in children was extremely safe or safe. However, this proportion is decreased dramatically (P < 0.001; McNemar test). Views of parents towards clinical trials vary according to child health (child in good health 14.8% versus child suffering of life-threatening condition 50.4%). The majority of respondents thought that pharmacist has a significant role in assuring the safety and efficacy of medicines. Limited parents’ knowledge about the use of medicines in children and the importance of clinical trials. General consensus about pharmacists’ role in ensuring medicines’ safety and efficacy.
Tareq Lewis Mukattash, Anan S. Jarab, Aseel Daradkeh et al.
With the trend of younger children accessing the Internet and the widespread use of mobile payment, online consumption risks have become increasingly prominent. Existing online safety education for children is largely based on knowledge transmission, making it difficult to effectively improve children's risk identification and response abilities in real online consumption contexts. Taking children aged 7-12 as the research object, this paper integrates Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives, situated cognition theory, and board game design theory. By adopting case analysis and educational objective transformation, this study extracts six core knowledge modules from cases of children's online consumption in mainland China: consumption identification, money mapping, account and payment boundaries, inducement recognition, consequence prediction and delayed decision-making, and help-seeking and remediation. These modules are further transformed into hierarchical educational objectives. On this basis, three high-frequency scenarios—game recharge, live-streaming tipping, and online shopping—are constructed, and a task mechanism of “event triggering-choice judgment-outcome feedback-review” is formed. A gamified board game design scheme for children's online consumption safety education is then proposed. The study argues that board games can reduce the difficulty of children's understanding of online consumption risks through concretized, situated, and interactive approaches, and can promote risk identification, prudent judgment, and active help-seeking awareness in simulated decision-making, thereby providing an implementable design scheme for children's online consumption safety education.
Junyuan Tan
The current study investigated the efficacy of the GrowAble mobile app-based intervention in improving digital competence in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), with a focus on information and data literacy and safety. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design was used with 60 children aged 5 to 12 years from Amritsar district, Punjab, India. The experimental group included 30 children with ASD who received the GrowAble mobile app-based intervention, while the control group consisted of 30 typically developing children who served as a developmental reference group for the comparative analysis. Data were gathered using a researcher-created Digital Competence Scale and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed significant differences between the groups at the pre-test stage, indicating that children with ASD have lower levels of digital competence. However, no significant differences were found at the post-test stage, indicating significant improvement after the intervention. The study concludes that structured and developmentally appropriate mobile app-based interventions can effectively support digital competence development among children with ASD while also encouraging meaningful participation in digital learning environments. Implications, limitations, and future directions were discussed.
Moomin Ahmad Rather, Deepa Sikand Kauts
Education has been greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Children are becoming restless and stressed upon adjusting to emergent learning. An online platform that can regulate informal learning opportunities and entertainment for children during the worldwide crisis is needed. This need points towards the potential use of YouTube Kids (YTK); the app is age-appropriate and it offers popular videos with diverse contents. Studies have focused on the safety of YTK, but none has explored how young users could navigate their informal learning through the app. Fifty respondents aged 11 to 12 from a rural school in Sarawak, Malaysia participated in this study. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study incorporated an online questionnaire and semi-structured group interviews as research instruments. Findings indicated distinctive features concerning the safety and multimodality of YTK. These features make YTK a great informal learning tool for children during present worldwide pandemic. Received: 25 January 2021 / Accepted: 24 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
Magdeline M. Temban, Tan Kim Hua, Nur Ehsan Mohd Said
Background: Early-onset myopia increases the risk of irreversible high myopia. Methods: This study systematically evaluated the efficacy and safety of low-dose atropine for myopia control in children with premyopia through meta-analysis using random-effects models. Effect sizes were calculated using risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Comprehensive searches of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were conducted until 20 December 2023, without language restrictions. Results: Four studies involving 644 children with premyopia aged 4–12 years were identified, with atropine concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 0.05%. The analysis focused on myopia incidence and atropine-related adverse events. Lower myopia incidence (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40–0.97 D/y; p = 0.03) and reduction in rapid myopia shift (≥0.5 D/1y) (RR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.26–0.96 D/y; p < 0.01) were observed in the 12–24-month period. Spherical equivalent and axial length exhibited attenuated progression in the atropine group. No major adverse events were detected in either group, whereas the incidence of photophobia and allergic conjunctivitis did not vary in the 12–24-month period. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis supports atropine’s efficacy and safety for delaying myopia incidence and controlling progression in children with premyopia. However, further investigation is warranted due to limited studies.
Ssu‐Hsien Lee, Bor-Yuan Tseng, Jen‐Hung Wang et al.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in the treatment of idiopathic short stature (ISS). METHODS: The data of 200 ISS children, who were treated with rhGH from January 2008 to December 2016, were collected and retrospectively analyzed. The data of height, bone age(BA), chronological age(CA), fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, thyroid function and IGF-1 were collected, and annual growth velocity (GV), height standard deviation score (HtSDS) and related factors that affect GV were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: (1) GV and HtSDS changes: As the time of treatment increased, the GV decreased year by year. The GV in the second year was significantly lower than that in the first year (P < .0001), and the GV in the fourth year was significantly lower than that in the third year (P < .05). HtSDS gradually increased from the first year to the third year, and became significantly higher than that in the year before the treatment (P < .01). The difference in the increase in HtSDS between the fourth year and third year was not statistically significant (P > .05). (2) The influence factors of GV included age at initial treatment, IGF-1SDS during treatment and GV in the year before treatment. (3) The most common side effects during treatment included transient hyperglycemia and temporary hyperinsulinemia, and these returned to normal after the treatment was stopped. Some patients presented with accelerated bone age growth after two years of treatment (annual growth of bone age △BA was >2 years), compared with children without accelerated bone age growth, and the difference between BA and CA (BA-CA) was significantly reduced at the beginning of the treatment (P < .01). CONCLUSION: rhGH has a good growth promoting effect on ISS children. A variety of factors may affect the GV, and related adverse reactions should be monitored during the treatment.
Yanqin Ying, Ling Hou, Yan Liang et al.
Background As the epidemic progresses, universal vaccination against COVID-19 has been the trend, but there are still some doubts about the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in adolescents, children, and even infants. Purpose To evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in the population aged 0–17 years. Method A comprehensive search for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to November 9, 2021. All data were pooled by RevMan 5.3 statistical software, with risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval as the effect measure. This study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021290205). Results There was a total of six randomized controlled trials included in this systematic review and meta-analysis, enrolling participants in the age range of 3–17 years, and containing three types of COVID-19 vaccines. Compared with mRNA vaccines and adenovirus vector vaccines, inactivated vaccines have a more satisfactory safety profile, both after initial (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04–1.90, P = 0.03) and booster (RR 1.84, 95% CI 1.20–2.81, P = 0.005) vaccination. The risk of adverse reactions was significantly increased after the first and second doses, but there was no significant difference between the first two doses (RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.99–1.02, P = 0.60). Nevertheless, the two-dose regimen is obviously superior to the single-dose schedule for immunogenicity and efficacy. After booster vaccination, both neutralizing antibodies (RR 144.80, 95%CI 44.97–466.24, P < 0.00001) and RBD-binding antibodies (RR 101.50, 95%CI 6.44–1,600.76, P = 0.001) reach optimal levels, but the cellular immune response seemed not to be further enhanced. In addition, compared with younger children, older children and adolescents were at significantly increased risk of adverse reactions after vaccination, with either mRNA or inactivated vaccines, accompanied by a stronger immune response. Conclusion The available evidence suggests that the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines are acceptable in people aged 3–17 years. However, there is an urgent need for additional multicenter, large-sample studies, especially in younger children under 3 years of age and even in infants, with long-term follow-up data. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021290205 , identifier: CRD42021290205.
Yuxuan Du, Long Chen, Yuan Shi
This study explores the legal protections against online sexual exploitation of children and online gender-based violence (OGBV) in Southeast Asia, focusing on Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology, this research identifies and evaluates legal frameworks, implementation challenges, and the role of digital platforms in addressing these issues. Key regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law in Indonesia, the Cybercrime Prevention Act in the Philippines, and the Computer Crime Act in Thailand were analyzed alongside institutional reports and academic studies. The results reveal that while these countries have made significant progress through the establishment of legal frameworks, implementation remains hindered by limited technical capacity, a lack of digital forensic expertise, and low public digital literacy. Furthermore, weak enforcement and insufficient oversight of digital platforms exacerbate the problem, as many platforms fail to respond promptly to reports of illegal content. Despite progressive laws such as Indonesia's Sexual Violence Prevention Law and the Philippines' international collaborations, slow law enforcement processes and economic vulnerabilities contribute to the persistence of these issues. The study concludes that Southeast Asian countries need to enhance technical capabilities, expand public education, strengthen international collaboration, and ensure greater accountability from digital platforms. These measures are essential to addressing gaps in enforcement and creating a safer digital environment for women and children in the region.
Dwi Nur Fauziah Ahmad, Nucharee Nuchkoom Smith
