The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of video modeling to teach safety skills during earthquakes and postearthquake evacuation to children with autism. Three male children with autism, aged 9-10 years, participated in the study. The results indicate that video modeling was effective at promoting the acquisition of "drop, cover, and hold on" and evacuation skills for all three students. Furthermore, the skills generalized to a new setting for all three participants and maintained up to 4 weeks after video modeling for the two participants for whom maintenance was evaluated. Social-validity data were also collected from participants, their parents, and a teacher, and the findings were positive overall. Implications for instruction and future research are discussed based on the results of the study.
BACKGROUND: This study explores the factors contributing to online sexual abuse and exploitation of children (OSAEC) and the proliferation of child sexual exploitation and abuse materials (CSEAM) in Quezon City and Manila, two highly urbanized cities in the Philippines. METHODS: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative focus group discussions (FGDs) and interviews. Data were collected from 100 participants in Quezon City and Manila, including healthcare professionals, community members, youth, parents, and child protection stakeholders. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-sample t-tests, while qualitative data from FGDs and interviews were examined through content and discourse analysis to identify key drivers of OSAEC and gaps in institutional response. Ethical protocols, including informed consent and child safeguarding measures, were strictly observed. RESULTS: Quantitative findings revealed strong consensus that key structural and social factors significantly contribute to children’s vulnerability to online exploitation. These include economic hardship and inadequate social safety nets (mean = 4.48), insufficient government initiatives on digital safety and OSAEC awareness (mean = 4.50), regulatory gaps governing online platforms (mean = 4.52), and weak local child protection mechanisms (mean = 4.57). Participants also emphasized the role of limited family cohesiveness (mean = 4.54) in increasing children’s exposure to online risks. Qualitative findings reinforced these results, highlighting how family dynamics, social norms, technological accessibility, and weak coordination among institutions collectively sustain a culture of silence and underreporting. CONCLUSION: The study underscores that OSAEC and CSEAM are multidimensional public health concerns rooted in socioeconomic vulnerability, regulatory lag, insufficient education, and fragile family and community systems. Despite existing laws, significant implementation gaps persist. The findings call for urgent, integrated, and multi-sectoral interventions, including strengthened social protection, comprehensive digital literacy programs, responsive regulation of online platforms, enhanced local child protection capacity, and family-centered support initiatives. A holistic and proactive public health approach, centered on the child and responsive to evolving digital risks is essential to effectively prevent online sexual exploitation and support survivors.
Background: Topical immunosuppressants such as tacrolimus in different concentrations are a breakthrough in the management of recalcitrant vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC); however, there is a lacks of comparative studies to guide their use in VKC management. Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus 0.03% and 0.1% eye ointment in the treatment of recalcitrant VKC. Design: A retrospective comparative single-centre observational study. Method: We reviewed records of a total of 48 recalcitrant VKC patients treated with two different strengths of tacrolimus ointment between April 2016 and March 2017. Of these, 39 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were categorized into two groups, A and B, depending on the use of strength of tacrolimus (0.03% and 0.1%) used, respectively. Group A had 18 patients, while group B had 21 patients. Thirty-six patients, 18 from each group, were finally analysed and compared. Records of patients were explored for the subjective symptoms and objective sign score of the patient at baseline and at each time point. The main outcome measures were composite scoring and comparison of total subjective symptom scores (TSSSs) and total objective sign scores (TOSSs) within and between the groups at each follow-up. Percentage of patient with significant reduction in symptom and sign scores as compared with baseline was considered success of treatment. Chi-square and t-tests were used for comparison of outcomes between both groups Results: Mixed variety was most commonly encountered type of VKC. The signs and symptoms were significantly reduced in patients with treatment in both groups ( p = 0.001) in all types of VKC. However, in group B, there was significant improvement in the size of papillae ( p = 0.04) as compared baseline in contrast to group A. Side effects like burning and stinging in group B were significantly higher as compared with group A. Conclusions: Both strengths of tacrolimus (0.03% and 0.1%) are effective in all forms of recalcitrant VKC. Papillary component of VKC responds better with higher strength (0.1%) but is associated with more significant side effects. Different strengths of tacrolimus can be used strategically depending upon the severity and clinical type of VKC to intensify outcome and minimize side effects.
Children consist of one-third of the population of Turkey that has the second highest level of child poverty among the OECD countries. Child labour is widely observed, especially in the poor families, according to the last official statistics obtained in 2013 in Turkey more than 900.000 children are working. Child labour deprives children of their childhood with short-term and long-term negative consequences. Not only those children who work under the legal age but also children aged 15–18 who can legally work are often working illegally due to existing informal labour market conditions that do not fulfil legal requirements. Using the findings of the pilot research project on child labour in 2017 in Istanbul (Bağcılar and Küçükçekmece), we will elaborate on various dimensions of child labour in urban settings. The research was conducted, in thirty-seven neighbourhoods with 301 working children between the ages of 12–18 and with one of their parents. Acknowledging its limitations, the findings of the pilot research still provide important insights. Poverty is the root cause of child labour, especially in urban Turkey, nevertheless, our work seeks to determine which other factors play an important role in influencing the decision to enter a child into the labour market. Material well-being is crucial for children's wellbeing, but it is not the only determining factor. By clustering analysis, we elaborate on which group of children are more vulnerable and therefore should be immediately targeted. Presenting the environment in which children are working, the costs of being a child-worker are discussed in terms of school performance and drop-out, housework and leisure time activities. Finally, we focus on the reasons of being a child worker.
The main objective of the study was to draw out the economic condition of the family along with the causes of child labour and its impact on health education. The purposing sampling method was taken to select the respondent.135 respondents were selected by convenient sampling methods. The low educational status of child labour was the major problem. The health condition of the labour was weak due to unhealthy working environment. Out of 135 respondents, 40 (29.62%) respondents were suffering from different kinds of disease. The respondents were found to be lacking of proper educational status. All of them were found to have studied below SEE level. Children's work is very harmful, hazardous, or is in other ways exploitative can create, exacerbate, or perpetuate an intergenerational cycle of poverty, malnutrition and social disadvantage.
Child labour is not any new menace; however, it has been an unspoken topic. Although it has been practiced since ages, however, it was not until the last century that the matter became principally addressed due to the socio-economic background of India. Since then, authorities have been devising methods to tackle this peril which has defaced many children and impeded them from enjoying their life up to its full potential. This is prevalent not just in India, but almost everywhere across the globe. Only after it garnered sufficient attention, several international conventions have been promulgated to regulate child labour and outlaw this practice, though not in its entirety. Neither in international arena nor national, there is an absolute ban on the child labour. We can find restrictions either on minimum age of children being employed or their latitude of working. This somewhat leaves an elbow room open for the employers to exploit child labour. Moreover, sudden clamping of lockdown 3 years back hadexacerbated the matter when financial condition worsened and soon after lockdown was lifted, these children were again involved in work. The present labour law codes which are yet to be effectuated do not specifically mention about children except for one instance where children below 14 years are not allowed to work in mines or factories. While, children of 14–16 years can join only as apprentice. However, this provision has been nullified by another provision of the same act, resulting into no prohibition on children. These significant legal lacunae can be used tactfully for exploitation of the bubbling energy. Such has been discussed in this study, along with tracing the growth of laws concerning the same.
This research examines the complex relationship between gender dynamics, child labour practices, and educational access within India's legislative context
According to UNICEF, more than 10 million children are engaged in work in India which is really heartrending. The main reason for child labour is the poor economic condition of the family which has left no other choice for kinds except to work at tender age between 6 to 15 years. As per 2016 statistics, in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Rajashtan child labour has increased alarmingly. State Governments & Central Governments have taken many initiatives by enforcing laws to stop child labour, Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act 2016 is trying to reduce child labour in India. Children are great asset for our country's progress, but they are not utilized in right manner and many children are not sent to schools as they are employed in industries where they are exploited to the core. Government has obligation to provide free and compulsory elementary education to kids, family members should also take responsibility to educate their children which will brighten their future as it is said that children are India's future. Looking at the present situation, where children are abused and exploited in every manner, it is difficult to think about India's bright future. This research paper highlights issues related to child exploitation and child abuse at working place especially in entertainment industry and the policy measures taken by the government to stop child labour in India.
A child in Indian society has forever been a topic less spoken or discussed. The reasons of the same can be traced back to the socio-cultural setting of the country. In the world children are taken as the furthermost gift to humanity. Childhood is an important stage of human development as it holds the potential to the future of any society. Children who are brought up in an environment which is obliging to their intellectual, physical and social enlargement will go on to be responsible and productive part of the society. Thus every society links its future to the present status of its children. Today child has been defined differently by different agencies as per their view and there is a very large gap and contradiction in these definitions. In 2011, 4.5 million were working in India, compared to 12.6 million a decade before, according to the country’s labor minister. 2015 estimate from the International Labor Organization put the number of child laborers between the ages of 5 and 17 at 5.7 million. Both numbers may not fully reflect the scale of exploitation, due to the underground nature of a lot of working arrangements, but overall the problem seems to be declining. The government’s figures claim the problem has fallen by 64% in a decade. That’s significant progress. Child labor is harmful because it puts children in dangerous and abusive situations, exposes them to dangerous chemicals, potentially stunts their growth and usually ends or limits their education. Poverty and lack of social security are the main causes of child labour. The increasing gap between the rich and the poor, privatization of basic services and the neo-liberal economic policies are causes major sections of the population out of employment and without basic needs. This adversely affects children more than any other group. Entry of multi-national corporations into industry without proper mechanisms to hold them accountable has lead to the use of child labour. Lack of quality universal education has also contributed to children dropping out of school and entering the labour force. A major concern is that the actual number of child laborers goes un-detected. Laws that are meant to protect children from hazardous labour are ineffective and not implemented correctly.
Child labour is amongst one of the largest & foremost confronts for the accomplishment of the Education for All Goals in our country Pakistan. The in-hand article is an effort regarding prevailing situation of Child Labour in Pakistan & its inverse effects on the development towards the achievement of the EFA Goals. This article reached the conclusion that Child Labour is often caused as a result of the culture, attitude, commitment & priorities of the society & the states which not only has increased the number of Child Labourers but has become a strong & rigid obstacle to the EFA Goals, particularly, for young children. Though the Pakistani states has shown its full dedication to the EFA map, nevertheless, futile execution of procedure, rapid change in political setups, cultural constraints, lack of qualified teachers, missing of basic infrastructure facilities, insecurity, lawlessness, natural disasters, lack of commitment towards girls education, priorities in Govt budgetary allocation, lack of literacy awareness campaigns, gender discrimination & lack of reforms in the education sector are some of the key confronts. Skirmishing Child Labour & the attainment of EFA should be one the most desired & preferred Goals in Pakistan. So, Pakistani states requires comprehensive & inclusive efforts at all levels, i.e., individual, family, society & the states levels especially private sector & all other stakeholders should come forward on emergency basis to boost EFA & to remove the evil of Child Labour from the Pakistani society forever.
Sayyed Farooq Shah, Asghar Ullah Khan, Mati Ullah et al.
