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Prevalence Trends and the Associated Factors of Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya: A study based on Demographic and Health Survey

Wanjiru JN, Koray MH · 17 Mar 2025

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: Female genital mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a global health issue that has severe social and psychological consequences for women and girls. In Kenya, the prevalence of FGM/C varies by area and time. FGM/C is considered a violation of human rights, and studies demonstrate that it is done in a variety of places. This study seeks to investigate the prevalence trends of FGM/C and the associated factors among productive-aged women in Kenya. The purpose of the study is to identify the prevalence trends of the practice of female genital mutilation and the associated factors among women in Kenya through the four waves of Kenya Demographic Health Surveys (KDHS). Methods : Secondary data analysis was performed using the KDHS: 2003 (n=8175), 2008-09 (n=8442), 2014 (n=14621), and 2022 (n=16721) for women of reproductive age (15-49). Using the KDHS data, the level of significance was set at p-value < 0.05. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was also conducted to determine variables influencing FGM/C. The study was performed considering weighting, clustering, and stratifications using Stata 18 software to compensate for potential confounders. Results : The prevalence of FGM among women of productive age in Kenya decreased from 32.2% in 2003 to 14.8% in 2022. Age, region, type of place of residence, education, marital status, religion, and wealth index were found to be significantly associated with FGM/C. The current FGM/C status of a woman was also a significant predictor of support for the continuation of FGM/C. Being Muslim (aOR=16.12; 95% CI:8.29-31.25) and attending higher education (aOR =0.15; 95% CI: 0.10-0.24) were factors that affected the prevalence of FGM/C. Conclusion : The KDHS statistics from 2003 to 2022 give valuable information on the prevalence of FGM/C in the country and regional differences. From 2003 to 2018, the prevalence of FGM in Kenya decreased dramatically. Further reduction is expected due to lower rates and a more significant decline in younger age groups. Women's education levels significantly influence reducing prevalence and should be included in future efforts to outlaw the practice. A combined and comprehensive strategy based on the identified causes is proposed to combat FGM/C in Kenya.