Peer-reviewed article

Modelling the risk factors associated with female genital mutilation among the under-five children in Ethiopia, a retrospective study.

Ofori MA, Bekalo DB, Mensah DK, Jha N · 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) also referred to as female genital cutting or female circumcision, has become a global health concern. It is a deeply entrenched traditional practice involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. To inform effective policymaking and raise awareness about FGM's health risks, understanding socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing the status of circumcision is crucial. Methods The study employed logistic regression and maximum likelihood models to examine the association between mothers' educational level and the circumcision status of under five girls in Ethiopia. The data used in this study was extracted from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) report, which was conducted by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA). Results The study found a strong association between mother's educational level and the risk of circumcision of under five girls. The girls whose mothers have no education or primary education have significantly higher odds of being circumcised with crude odds ratios of 7.69 (2.27-26.02) and 5.54 (1.64-18.65), respectively, compared to those whose mothers have secondary or higher education. Additionally, children whose mothers are Muslims (AOR: 1.98, 1.55-2.53), rural residence (AOR: 1.83, 1.21-2.78), and paternal education level (no education AOR: 2.03, 1.24-3.35) were also significant factors. Conclusions The results highlight the importance of maternal education, religious beliefs, and geographic location in influencing circumcision practices in Ethiopia. We recommend that more public education on the effect of FGM on the girl child will be enrolled especially in the rural communities in Ethiopia.