Peer-reviewed article
Swimming pool-based assessment of drowning death risk in the Houston metropolitan region.
Levine N, Zaman S, Nguyen L, Clemens T, Moreland B et al. ·
Summary
Written by AI, not yet AICS's view · claude-haiku-4-5-20251001This study examined drowning deaths among children and adults in the Houston metropolitan area from 2016 to 2022 by analyzing the relationship between swimming pool types and fatal drowning rates. Researchers identified nearly 192,000 swimming pools and calculated drowning risk by dividing deaths by the number of pools of each type. The study found that drowning rates were higher at multi-family pools than single-family pools, and that Black children had the highest drowning rates in single-family pools despite lower proportional ownership by Black families in those areas. Young children had the highest drowning rates across all pool types.
Key points
- Fatal drowning rates were significantly higher in multi-family pools compared to single-family pools
- Black persons had the highest fatal drowning rates in single-family pools despite lower proportional ownership by Black families
- Young children had the highest fatal drowning rates across all pool types
- Overall, 191,578 swimming pools were identified in the Houston metropolitan region: 96% single-family, 3% multi-family, and less than 1% other types
- Multi-family pools could benefit from lifeguard presence and improved closure during off-hours, similar to school and municipal pool practices
Limitations
This is a descriptive epidemiological study that identifies patterns and disparities in drowning risk but does not evaluate any intervention or explain the underlying causes of racial/ethnic disparities. The study cannot determine why Black children have higher drowning rates in single-family pools or test solutions to reduce drowning deaths.
Abstract
Background Population-based drowning fatality rates inadequately measure drowning risk as they do not account for aquatic exposure. While surveys can estimate aquatic exposure at swimming pools, region-specific swimming pool counts provide an alternative measure since they are obtained from administrative databases. Method Swimming pool drowning deaths for all ages in metropolitan Houston from 2016 to 2022 were documented from probabilistically linked data. The number and types of in-ground swimming pools were compiled using county tax records, pool inspections, written requests, and Internet search. Pool-adjusted fatal drowning risk was estimated by dividing the annualized number of drowning deaths by the total number of pools for each pool type. The race/ethnicity of pool ownership was estimated by block level data from drowning locations. Six decedent age groups were examined by pool type. Results Overall, 191,578 swimming pools were identified; single-family (96%), multi-family (3%), and other (<1%). Fatal drowning rates were significantly higher in multi-family pools than in single-family pools. For single-family pools, despite apparent greater block-level proportional pool ownership by persons of non-Hispanic White race/ethnicity, fatal drowning rates were highest for Black persons. Smaller racial/ethnic disparities in fatal drowning rates occurred at multi-family pools. Slight variations were observed in fatal drowning by age group and by pool type with young children having the highest fatal drowning rates for all pool types. Practical applications Drowning countermeasures that target multi-family residential pools and ethnic groups at high risk for drowning are needed. Many pool practices of schools, colleges, and municipalities could be used for multi-family pools, especially having trained lifeguards and better closure during off-hours. Conclusions Assessment of drowning burden based on the number and type of swimming pools provides a novel and practical measure of drowning risk. This can aid local drowning prevention efforts.