Peer-reviewed article

Delivery of canine rabies vaccination programme in Kutupalong-Balukhali refugee camps, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh.

Luke Gamble, Karlette A Fernandes, Keiichiro Tazawa, Rubaiya Ahmad, Kamrul Islam et al. · 27 Mar 2026

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Rabies causes over 60,000 deaths annually, primarily among children, with dog bites responsible for nearly all human cases. Although mass dog vaccination is effective in low-resource settings, structured campaigns have rarely been implemented in refugee camps, where unmanaged dog populations and limited access to post-exposure prophylaxis heighten rabies risk. This study aimed to demonstrate the possibility of delivering systematic mass dog vaccination within a short operational timeframe in a humanitarian setting and to assess community perceptions of rabies risk and prevention. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In May 2025, a four-day mass dog vaccination campaign was conducted across the Kutupalong-Balukhali refugee settlement in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, with real-time data collection to guide operations. Post-vaccination dog sight surveys assessed operational coverage, while community surveys evaluated knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding rabies. Of the 2,275 dogs encountered, 1,781 (78.3%) were vaccinated, with 86.4% classified as unowned community dogs. The overall proportion of marked dogs across all surveyed zones was 71.5% (95% CI: 66.8-75.9%). In the community survey, 34.6% of 1,311 adult respondents (gender-adjusted) had heard of rabies, and 41.2% correctly identified dog bites as the primary route of transmission. Regarding appropriate post-bite care, 25.9% knew to both wash the wound and seek medical care. Approximately 8.7% of households experienced a dog bite in the preceding year, corresponding to a minimum annual incidence of 13.3 bites per 1,000 persons, equating to over 15,000 bites per year. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study represents the first structured mass dog vaccination campaign in a refugee setting, demonstrating that rabies control can be effectively implemented even in complex humanitarian contexts. The campaign's success offers a replicable model for integrating zoonotic disease prevention into emergency health responses, underscoring the critical need to safeguard displaced populations from preventable diseases.