Peer-reviewed article

Challenges and opportunities in achieving sustainable development goal 3 in KwaZulu-Natal: reflections from a research institute, South Africa.

Chimukuche RS, Zuma T, Wambua GN, Manyaapelo T, Edwards A et al. · 29 Oct 2025

Abstract

BACKGROUND: South Africa is committed to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3), which aims to ensure health and well-being for all. However, in rural provinces like KwaZulu-Natal, structural inequalities, socio-cultural challenges, and environmental stressors hinder progress. This study synthesises findings from qualitative research conducted at the Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI) to explore the challenges and opportunities in meeting SDG 3 targets. METHODS: An integrative literature review was conducted, analysing studies from 2015 to 2024 that focused on SDG 3related topics, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, maternal and child health, sexual and reproductive health, and the impact of climate change. A framework analysis approach was applied to identify common themes, opportunities and challenges to achieving SDG 3 in rural KwaZulu-Natal. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Key challenges to achieving SDG 3 include limited access to healthcare, socio-cultural norms that influence health-seeking behaviours, climate-related stressors, and gender disparities. Studies highlighted poor maternal immunisation uptake due to traditional beliefs, stigma-related challenges in HIV prevention, and climate-induced economic hardships affecting treatment adherence. Gendered challenges were prominent, with men’s healthcare engagement being hindered by masculinity norms and adolescent girls facing restricted access to sexual health services. The COVID-19 pandemic further disrupted access to healthcare, particularly for older adults. Despite these challenges, opportunities exist for progress. Community-driven interventions such as DREAMS and MTV-Shuga improved adolescent engagement with sexual health education. Male-focused interventions like Stepping Stones and Creating Futures increased men’s involvement in HIV care. Additionally, integration of climate adaptation strategies into health systems could mitigate environmental health risks. CONCLUSION: This study provides critical insights for policymakers to enhance the progress towards achieving SDG 3. To do so policymakers should focus on addressing systemic healthcare challenges, integrating gender-responsive interventions, and strengthening community-based health initiatives. Climate-resilient healthcare infrastructure and policies are crucial to ensuring sustained progress. Future efforts should focus on expanding youth-friendly services, enhancing male engagement in healthcare, and leveraging local partnerships to improve health outcomes in rural communities.