Peer-reviewed article

Development of SMILE-MOM: a metaverse-based support program for single mothers.

Minyoung Woo, Sun-Mi Chae · 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Single mothers in South Korea face postpartum challenges that may hinder maternal role development and identity formation. This study aimed to develop SMILE-MOM (Single Moms in the Metaverse for Interaction, Learning, and Encouragement), a metaverse-based support program to assist their transition to motherhood. METHODS: This methodological study employed the first three stages of the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation model to develop the program. The analysis phase was informed by an integrative literature review and individual interviews. In the design phase, a theoretical framework guided the creation of program content and the metaverse platform. In the development phase, experts assessed content validity and usability using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and System Usability Scale (SUS), respectively. The final program was refined based on expert feedback. RESULTS: SMILE-MOM was designed as a 4-week program comprising weekly small-group sessions covering key topics, including maternal preparation and postpartum recovery, infant illness and safety, parenting strategies, and emotional well-being. Each session included hands-on practice activities, such as scenario-based online games, to enhance engagement and facilitate practical learning. The finalized program also included supplementary support services, such as information provision, consultation, and promotion of postpartum exercise, which were embedded within the platform design. The program met content validity (CVI > 0.8) and system usability (SUS = 85.6) standards and was revised based on expert feedback. CONCLUSIONS: This theory-based program supports single mothers in their transition to motherhood through immersive and interactive learning. Although it may enhance maternal role confidence and identity, further evaluation is needed.