Peer-reviewed article

Association Between Household Livestock Ownership and Stunting in Children Younger Than 5 Years in Central Rural India: Protocol for a Case-Control Study.

Tawde PP, Quazi Z, Gaidhane A, Choudhari S · 11 Sept 2025

Abstract

Background In resource-constrained environments where malnutrition in children is common, people coexist closely with livestock. Undernutrition, which can result in stunting, wasting, and being underweight, is still a major public health issue for children in India. Livestock serves as a direct source of protein through animal-source foods such as meat, milk, and eggs, which significantly reduce undernutrition in children younger than 5 years. The association between livestock ownership and stunting in children has not been explored well in Maharashtra, India. Objective This study evaluates the relationship between stunting among children younger than 5 years in central India and livestock ownership by using the Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) score. Methods A community-based, case-control study will be conducted for 12 months among 614 children aged 6-59 months in a few rural blocks of Wardha district, Maharashtra. A predesigned semistructured questionnaire will collect data from the informant (either parent). Anthropometric measurements will be plotted on World Health Organization (WHO) standard growth charts for z scores for stunting and wasting. TLU will be used to represent the livestock count of all species. The categorical variables (stunted and nonstunted) will be analyzed using the Fisher exact test to find significant associations between different risk factors. All confounding variables will be analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Associated risks will be identified and tabulated using the odds ratio with confidence intervals. Results This study protocol will provide a comprehensive understanding of the associations of livestock ownership with childhood stunting and wasting among children aged 6-59 months in central rural India. This study will be conducted from October 2025 to September 2026. Currently, necessary approvals are obtained, and data collection is planned to begin from November 2025 to May 2026. Conclusions Our findings will show the prevalence of the current stunting, wasting, and underweight rates among Indian children younger than 5 years and the association of these rates with livestock ownership by using the TLU index. These results will be instrumental in building new public health policies, integrated programs, and nutritional interventions. Trial registration Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2024/05/066865; https://tinyurl.com/y3zvh5t7. International registered report identifier (irrid) PRR1-10.2196/66576.