Peer-reviewed article

Nutritional Challenges Among Children Under Five in Limpopo Province, South Africa: Complementary Feeding Practices and Dietary Diversity Deficits.

Tshilidzi Mafhungo, Lindiwe Priscilla Cele, Mmampedi Mathibe, Perpetua Modjadji · 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess complementary feeding practices and dietary diversity in relation to the nutritional status of children under five attending health facilities in the Thabazimbi sub-district, Limpopo Province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 409 mother-child pairs. Data on socio-demographics, feeding practices, and anthropometry were collected using validated tools. Nutritional status was assessed using WHO growth standards, and dietary diversity was evaluated using WHO infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators and a 24 h dietary recall. Associations were analyzed using prevalence ratios in STATA 18. Results: Among 409 children (median age: 18 months, IQR: 12-24), 38% were stunted, 13% were underweight, 5% were thin, and 17% were overweight/obese. Exclusive breastfeeding was reported in 27%, and only 24% met the minimum dietary diversity (DDS ≥ 4). Complementary feeding practices varied significantly by maternal age, with mixed feeding more common among older mothers and younger mothers more likely to receive feeding advice (p = 0.001). Stunting was associated with being a boy (PR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.00-1.61), age > 24 months (PR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.16-0.65), and DDS ≥ 4 (PR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.52-0.99). Underweight was more prevalent among boys (PR = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.40-4.11), but less likely in children with DDS ≥ 4 (PR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.20-0.92) and those from spouse-headed households (PR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.13-0.87). Thinness was associated with DDS ≥ 4 (PR = 2.70; 95% CI: 1.13-6.45) and age 12-24 months (PR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.02-7.64). Overweight/obesity was linked to age 12-24 months (PR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.25-3.03) and household income > ZAR 15,000 (PR = 4.09; 95% CI: 2.33-7.17). Conclusions: Complementary feeding and dietary diversity deficits contribute significantly to the dual burden of malnutrition in rural Limpopo, highlighting the need for targeted, context-specific nutrition interventions.