Peer-reviewed article

Hidden dynamics of child maltreatment: Characterizing environmental instability and its role in abuse and neglect across early childhood.

Chang OD · 18 Jun 2026

Abstract

Background Although prior research indicates that environmental instability adversely affects children's well-being, it remains unclear whether abusive or neglectful parenting behaviors constitute a central and proximal outcome of such instability. Objective To address these gaps, the present study sought to examine multiple forms of environmental instability as predictors of child maltreatment, controlling for persistent environmental harshness in corresponding domains. Participants and setting The present study utilized longitudinal, repeated-measures data from a cohort of births across 20 large American cities, oversampled for nonmarital births (N = 3544). Methods Conditions of environmental instability and environmental harshness from birth to age five were examined as predictors of caregivers' engagement in abusive and neglectful behaviors using longitudinal multilevel modeling. Results Average levels of emotional abuse increased between ages three and five, whereas physical abuse decreased over the same period. Results indicated that instability in both the domains of employment and informal support from age one to five were associated with greater abusive behaviors (i.e., emotional and physical abuse), independent of sustained exposure to environmental harshness over the same period. Conclusions This study underscores the importance for researchers and practitioners to attend to the specific role of instability in the early childhood environment in shaping child maltreatment risk and children's long-term well-being. Efforts to promote equitable family well-being are therefore likely to be most effective when they address not only families experiencing persistent adversity but also those vulnerable to sudden and unpredictable changes in their circumstances and needs.