Peer-reviewed article

The legal framework and policies to control child labour in India

Ramashish Purvey · 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Child labour remains one of the most significant social and economic challenges in India, affecting the physical, mental, educational, and overall development of millions of children. Despite constitutional safeguards, legislative measures, and various government initiatives, the persistence of child labour highlights the gap between policy formulation and effective implementation. This study critically examines the legal frameworks and government policies established for the prevention and control of child labour in India. It explores the constitutional provisions, including fundamental rights and directive principles, along with major legislations such as the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, and other child protection laws. The study also evaluates government programmes such as the National Child Labour Project (NCLP), the National Policy on Child Labour, and rehabilitation measures aimed at eliminating child exploitation. The research highlights the socio-economic factors responsible for the continuation of child labour, including poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, family pressure, and lack of awareness. It further analyses the challenges faced in enforcing child labour laws, such as weak monitoring mechanisms, informal employment practices, and limited coordination among stakeholders. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach based on secondary data collected from government reports, research studies, journals, and policy documents. Findings suggest that although India has developed a comprehensive legal framework, stronger enforcement, community participation, quality education, and effective rehabilitation strategies are essential for achieving sustainable elimination of child labour. The study concludes that a coordinated approach involving government agencies, civil society organizations, and citizens is necessary to protect children's rights and ensure their future development.