Peer-reviewed article
Socioeconomic inequalities in immunisation of 12–23 months old children in Malawi: a decomposition analysis
Bridget Naphiyo, Jacob Mazalale, Gowokani Chijere Chirwa ·
Summary
Written by AI, not yet AICS's view · claude-haiku-4-5-20251001This study analysed socioeconomic inequalities in immunisation coverage among 12-23-month-old children in Malawi using national survey data from 2013-2020. Overall immunisation coverage was 72%, but coverage varied significantly across socioeconomic groups. The analysis found that wealth, maternal education, and place of residence were the main factors driving pro-rich inequalities in immunisation access. The findings suggest that addressing vaccine affordability, accessibility, and caregiver education, alongside broader socioeconomic policies, is necessary to improve immunisation equity in Malawi.
Key points
- Overall basic vaccine coverage among 12-23-month-old children in Malawi was 72% in 2019-20
- Immunisation coverage varied significantly across different socioeconomic groups
- Wealth was identified as a significant driver of pro-rich inequalities in immunisation
- Maternal education and place of residence (urban/rural) were major contributing factors to inequalities
- Interventions must address affordability, accessibility, and caregiver education alongside socioeconomic determinants of health
Limitations
This is a descriptive analysis of secondary data that identifies inequalities and their socioeconomic drivers, but does not evaluate the effectiveness of specific interventions to address these inequalities. The study cannot determine causation or assess what specific policies or programmes would successfully reduce immunisation disparities.
Abstract
Background: Given the benefits of the Expanded Program on Immunisation (EPI) to Malawians' health and, consequently, Malawi's economic development, coverage and equity in immunisation are necessary to track. In the 2019-20 Malawi Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), immunisation coverage of basic vaccines among 12-23-month-old children was at 72%. However, disaggregated immunisation coverage in some groups of children was below or above 72%. The disparities compelled the need to investigate the extent of socioeconomic inequalities drivers in child immunisation in Malawi. Study design: This study uses secondary data sets from three of Malawi's national representative cross-sectional surveys: the Malawi MICS 2013-14, the Malawi MICS 2019-20 and the Malawi Service Provision Assessment (MSPA) 2013-14. The MSPA 2013-14 was used to estimate the shortest distance between a MICS 2019-20 cluster and a facility offering immunisation services. Methods: The study utilized the concentration index to measure socioeconomic inequality and the Wagstaff decomposition to measure the marginal contributions of socioeconomic factors to inequality. Results: < 0.01. Wealth, maternal education and place of residence were significant factors contributing to the pro-rich inequalities in 2019. Conclusion: The results call for interventions that improve affordability and accessibility of vaccines and interventions that educate caregivers of the benefits of child immunisation to ensure equity. The results, therefore, suggest that to improve equality in health outcomes, the Government of Malawi needs to embrace wider policies that do not only address the consumption of healthcare services but also policies that affect socioeconomic determinants of health.