Peer-reviewed article
Dynamic changes of hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic crossing three periods in Jiangxi Province, China: a long-term epidemiology retrospective study from 2009 to 2022.
Jia Hu, Lihui Yu, Zijing Peng, Huanhong Pan, Yuan Jin et al. ·
Summary
Written by AI, not yet AICS's view · claude-haiku-4-5-20251001This study tracked hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases in Jiangxi Province, China from 2009 to 2022 to understand how vaccination and COVID-19 safety measures affected the disease. The researchers found that overall HFMD cases declined over time, but older children aged 5 to 9 years had increasing cases. Both vaccination against EV-A71 and COVID-19 precautions significantly reduced HFMD infection rates. The types of viruses causing HFMD shifted after vaccination was introduced, with EV-A71 becoming much less common.
Key points
- HFMD incidence increased from 2009 to 2016, then decreased from 2017 to 2022 across the province
- EV-A71 vaccine and COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions both provided significant independent protection against HFMD
- The proportion of EV-A71 cases decreased dramatically from 28% to 0.4% across the study period following vaccination rollout
- Incidence in children aged >2 years, particularly 5 to 9 years, showed an upward trend over time despite overall decline
- Disease seasonality changed from 12 and 6-month cycles to longer 16 and 8-month cycles by the end of the period
Limitations
This is a retrospective observational study based on surveillance data, so it cannot establish definitive causation or control for all confounding factors that may have influenced HFMD transmission. The study does not evaluate the long-term sustainability of vaccination effects or assess economic costs and benefits of the interventions.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), a widespread virus-induced infectious disease caused by enteroviruses, imposes a substantial disease burden. This study is to evaluate the impacts of EV-A71 vaccination and COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) intensity on HFMD epidemics. METHOD: A retrospective study was performed based on surveillance data from 2009 to 2022 in Jiangxi Province, China. Joinpoint regression analysis was utilized to analyze long-term trends, wavelet analysis was adopted to explore seasonality and periodicity, spatiotemporal scanning was employed to identify clustering, a generalized linear model (GLM) was used to assess effects of EV-A71 vaccination coverage and NPI intensity on HFMD incidence, and the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was employed to develop univariate time-series forecasting models for the incidence of HFMD caused by EV-A71, CVA16, and other EVs. RESULTS: A marked increase in the annual incidence of HFMD was observed from 2009 to 2016, with a subsequent decrease from 2017 to 2022. Increasing incidence was predominantly detected in the population aged >2 years, especially among those aged 5 to 9 years. The periodicity of HFMD was relatively stable at 12 months and 6 months from 2009 to 2019, but gradually extended to 16 months and 8 months. The proportion of EV-A71 pathogen cases decreased from 28% (Period I) to 0.4% (Period III). The proportion of reported cases aged>2 years demonstrated a chronological upward trend. The model revealed significant independent protection from vaccination and NPI, with the strongest protective effects during autumn and school summer vacation. The forecasts revealed an etiology shift of vaccine-controlled suppression of EV-A71, persistent cyclicality of CVA16, and rising dominance of other EVs. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of HFMD declined across three periods, while the incidence in the older child populations increased. A shift in predominant HFMD pathogens was observed and predicted following the rollout of vaccination. Vaccination and NPI interventions are effective in reducing HFMD incidence. CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.