Peer-reviewed article

How do social norms influence sexual and gender-based violence and access to care and support services among youth? A qualitative study in Busia and Mbale districts, Eastern Uganda.

Susan Babirye, Dianah Nanyange, Robinah Nalwoga, Jacqueline Nassimbwa, Edward Kiggundu et al. · 8 Oct 2026

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Harmful social norms underpin much of the sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) experienced globally, influencing both its perpetration and survivors’ access to care. In Uganda, these norms rooted in gender inequality, male authority and survivor stigma remain pervasive, particularly in rural districts with limited youth-friendly services. Few studies have explored how such norms shape help-seeking behaviour among young survivors. This study examined the social norms surrounding SGBV and their impact on access to care and support in Busia and Mbale districts. METHODS: This qualitative study was carried out between July 2024 and May 2025 as part of the Power to You(th) (PtY) programme. It involved 21 focus group discussions with young women and men aged 10–35, along with 52 key informant interviews with district leaders, service providers and community authorities. An important feature of this study was the role played by youth researchers, trained in qualitative methods, who shaped the inquiry and led data collection in partnership with the PtY Central Operations Research team. Using thematic analysis with both pre-existing and emerging codes, the study identified key social norms and examined their impact on SGBV perpetration and access to services. RESULTS: Five interconnected categories of social norms emerged: gender role expectations; justification of violence; early and forced marriage; norms on silence and non-reporting; and traditional beliefs reinforcing male dominance. These norms normalised violence, reinforced survivor-blaming and discouraged help-seeking. Stakeholders identified barriers including economic dependency, harmful religious and cultural interpretations, moral policing and biases among service providers. Facilitators of access to care included supportive community leaders, existing support networks and targeted development programmes. CONCLUSION: Addressing harmful social norms is crucial for lowering SGBV rates and enhancing care access for young survivors in rural Uganda. Programmes should include community sensitisation, involve both men and women in changing norms and bolster survivor-centred services. These insights can inform gender-transformative initiatives and policies to create fair, stigma-free access to care.