Peer-reviewed article

Child sexual exploitation and abuse: considerations of cultural differences in policy and legislation.

Young A, Mustafa MC, Rozubi NBC, Mat Rani NH, Wismayanti Y et al. · 5 Mar 2026

Abstract

Introduction Online services have expanded cross-cultural communication worldwide and have facilitated cross-border forms of child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA), highlighting cultural differences in conceptualisations of the crime. Methods This article uses a case-study methodology to examine how cultural beliefs are integrated into CSEA risk assessments and policy responses in three differing cultural contexts: Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei Darussalam. The case-studies contain structured snapshots of policy responses to CSEA in each country and were thematically analysed. Results Five key themes were identified across the case-studies: intersectionality, policy dislocation, power and control, child participation and the invisibility of adults. Conclusion These areas represent reflection points for policy makers, when conceptualising legislative and policy responses to CSEA, to consider where cultural beliefs may be impacting the development or implementation of responses.