Peer-reviewed article
Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast.
Kipkemoi P, Savage JE, Gona J, Rimba K, Kombe M et al. ·
Summary
Written by AI, not yet AICS's view · claude-haiku-4-5-20251001This study examined environmental and medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism and intellectual disability in Kenyan children on the coast. Researchers compared children diagnosed with NDDs to typically developing children, identifying risk factors like birth complications, infections during pregnancy, and neonatal jaundice. The findings suggest that recognition of these risk factors could guide prevention efforts and early identification of at-risk children. The study highlights the limited data on environmental influences on NDDs in Africa and calls for more research on how genetics and environment interact.
Key points
- Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy conferred the largest odds ratio (10.52) for NDDs in the Kilifi Autism study sample
- Labour and birth complications showed the largest risk in the NeuroDev study sample (OR=7.30)
- Medical complications during pregnancy, neonatal jaundice, and infections during pregnancy were significant risk factors
- Higher parity, older child age, and home delivery were associated with reduced risk for NDDs
- Early recognition of risk factors could guide preventative interventions and developmental screening
Limitations
This is a case-control study comparing existing cohorts rather than a prospective population-based study, which limits causal inference. The study does not investigate the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, which the authors acknowledge as a gap requiring further research.
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of conditions with their onset during the early developmental period and include conditions such as autism and intellectual disability. Occurrence of NDDs is thought to be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, but data on the role of environmental factors for NDD in Africa is limited. This study investigates environmental influences on NDDs in children from Kenya. This case-control study compared children with NDDs and typically developing children from two studies on the Kenyan coast. We included 172 study participants from the Kilifi Autism study and 151 from the NeuroDev study who had a diagnosis of at least one NDD and 112 and 73 with no NDD diagnosis from each study, respectively. Potential risk factors were identified using unadjusted univariable analysis and adjusted multivariable logistic regression. Univariable analysis in the Kilifi Autism study sample revealed hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy conferred the largest odds ratio (OR) 10.52 [95%CI: 4.04, 27.41] for NDDs, followed by medical complications during pregnancy (gestational hypertension & diabetes, eclampsia, maternal bleeding) (OR=3.17 [95%CI: 1.61, 6.23]). In the NeuroDev study sample, labour and birth complications (OR=7.30 [95%CI 2.17, 24.61]), neonatal jaundice (OR=5.49 [95%CI 1.61,18.72]) and infection during pregnancy (OR= 5.31 [95%CI 1.56, 18.11]) conferred the largest risk associated with NDDs. In the adjusted analysis, seizures before age 3 years in the Kilifi Autism study and labour and birth complications in the NeuroDev study conferred the largest increased risk. Higher parity, the child being older and delivery at home were associated with a reduced risk for NDDs. Recognition of important risk factors such as labour and birth complications could guide preventative interventions, developmental screening of at-risk children and monitoring progress of these children. Further studies examining the aetiology of NDDs in population-based samples, including investigating the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, are needed.