Peer-reviewed article
Associations among parental mental health, lifestyle factors and infant mortality in rural and urban mothers.
Shah SM, Zhang Z, Jahangir M, Alharbi FS, Zhang W et al. ·
Summary
Written by AI, not yet AICS's view · claude-haiku-4-5-20251001This study examined how maternal mental health, lifestyle factors, and social conditions relate to infant mortality in rural and urban Pakistan. Researchers surveyed 500 mothers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, measuring depression, anxiety, stress, physical activity, and diet. Rural mothers had lower infant mortality rates, higher physical activity, and better diets, while urban mothers showed significantly higher depression, anxiety, and stress. Early marriage was associated with increased maternal anxiety and stress.
Key points
- Rural mothers had significantly lower infant mortality rates compared to urban mothers (p = 0.000)
- Urban mothers exhibited higher depression (6.59 vs. 1.63), anxiety (7.68 vs. 2.18), and stress (9.65 vs. 2.32) than rural mothers
- Physical activity and healthy diet were negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress (p < 0.05)
- Rural mothers reported higher physical activity and healthier diets than urban mothers
- Early marriage was linked to increased anxiety and stress in mothers (p = 0.000)
Limitations
The cross-sectional design cannot establish causation, only associations. The study does not explain why rural mothers have lower infant mortality despite generally lower healthcare access, and uses self-reported lifestyle data which may be subject to recall or social desirability bias.
Abstract
Background Infant mortality remains a critical public health concern, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its determinants. This investigation aimed to examine associations between social determinants, lifestyle factors, and maternal mental health in relation to infant mortality. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 500 mothers (250 rural, 250 urban) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) were employed to evaluate symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress, while a Lifestyle and Habits Questionnaire collected data on physical activity and dietary patterns. Data was collected via questionnaires and demographic information from 500 mothers using purposive sampling. Key variables included rural/urban residence, age at marriage, socio-economic status, access to healthcare, type of delivery attendant, and under-5 mortality rates. Results Rural mothers had significantly lower infant mortality rates (p = 0.000) compared to urban mothers. Physical activity and diet were negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress (p < 0.05). Rural mothers reported higher physical activity (M = 23.46 vs. 21.79, p = 0.001) and healthier diets (M = 16.01 vs. 14.85, p = 0.001). Urban mothers exhibited significantly higher levels of depression (M = 6.59 vs. 1.63, p = 0.000), anxiety (M = 7.68 vs. 2.18, p = 0.000), and stress (M = 9.65 vs. 2.32, p = 0.000). Early marriage was linked to increased anxiety and stress (p = 0.000). Conclusion Findings underscored the importance of addressing social determinants and fostering healthy lifestyles to improve maternal and child health outcomes. Interventions that promote access to healthcare, physical activity or healthy dietary habits can help make the infant mortality rates and the overall state of health of the mother better.